Planet Neuroscience

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Propagating Motor Cortical Dynamics Facilitate Movement Initiation

(Neuron 106, 526–536.e1–e4; May 6, 2020)

in Neuron: In press on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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LRRTM2 Functions as a Neurexin Ligand in Promoting Excitatory Synapse Formation

(Neuron 64, 791–798; December 24, 2009)

in Neuron: In press on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Dislocation-assisted electron and hole transport in GaN epitaxial layers

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61510-w

Researchers show that two kinds of crystal dislocations in gallium nitride act as distinct path for electrons and holes. The discovery explains leakage and switching losses in GaN power devices and points to defect-guided design strategies.

in Nature Communications on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Host albumin redirects Candida albicans metabolism to engage an alternative pathogenicity pathway

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61701-5

Candida albicans normally relies on specific pathogenicity mechanisms to cause tissue damage. This study reveals that when sensing host albumin, C. albicans, even avirulent strains, can trigger an alternative pathogenicity pathway via transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming.

in Nature Communications on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Computational exploration of global venoms for antimicrobial discovery with Venomics artificial intelligence

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60051-6

Researchers used artificial intelligence to mine global venom proteomes and discovered novel peptides with antimicrobial activity. Several candidates showed efficacy against drug-resistant bacteria in laboratory and animal tests.

in Nature Communications on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Somatosensory Realignment Following Single and Dual Force Field Adaptation

Evidence that adaptive motor learning coincides with a realignment of somatosensory perception has led to hypotheses that a shared mechanism underlies both processes, predicting similar properties. However, studies of somatosensory realignment with visuomotor adaptation have shown mixed support, possibly due to a confounding coactivation of sensory prediction errors and multisensory integration. While the former is thought to drive adaptation, both processes may contribute to somatosensory realignment. Here, we examined somatosensory realignment following force field adaptation, which is not confounded by multisensory integration. Across two experiments, we tested whether somatosensory realignment mimics three properties of adaptation in this paradigm. Our first experiment examined the specificity of somatosensory realignment to the perceptions of movement or static position and the generalization to reach directions adjacent to the one performed during the adaptation task. The results showed that force field adaptation coincided with a selective realignment of somatosensory perception of movement in the direction of the perturbing force that did not correlate with the magnitude of adaptation or generalize beyond the reach direction of the adaptation task. In a second experiment, we tested whether context-dependent dual adaptation to opposing force field perturbations coincides with a context-dependent dual realignment of somatosensory perception. The results showed no evidence of context-dependent somatosensory realignment after dual adaptation. Our results indicate that somatosensory realignment does not show the same properties as force field adaptation; however, it displays some coherence with the nature of the perturbation. Overall, our data suggest that somatosensory realignment and adaptation likely stem from distinct mechanisms.

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Domain-General Brain Networks Support Language Development

Understanding the neural basis of verbal intelligence across development requires disentangling the contributions of domain-general and language-selective brain systems. Although language is often considered a domain-specific function, complex language tasks also engage domain-general networks, such as the Default-Mode (DM) and Multiple-Demand (MD) systems. Yet how these systems contribute to the maturation of verbal competence remains poorly understood. Here, we examined this question using gray matter volume measures in an accelerated longitudinal dataset of children and adolescents from Beijing (N = 170), using the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale as a benchmark for verbal abilities. We observed that individual differences in VCI were more strongly associated with structural maturation of domain general networks (DM and MD) than with the language-selective network, and that these effects varied with age. Targeted validation in an independent cohort from Chongqing (N = 150) confirmed significant contributions of domain-general networks in adolescence (13-15 years), highlighting the robustness of these developmental effects. These findings suggest that domain-general cortical systems play a critical and previously underappreciated role in the emergence of verbal intelligence during adolescence, with implications for understanding how large-scale brain networks support the development of abstract verbal reasoning.

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2025-07-12 00:00:00 UTC.

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Ten simple rules for success as a trainee-led outreach organization in computational biology education

by Jennifer Blanc, Margaret C. Steiner, Lauren E. Blake, Elizabeth Gibbons, Mariadaria K. Ianni-Ravn, Roxroy C. Morgan, Suzanna Parkinson, Christian Porras, Ethan Zhong

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Ten simple rules for developing a training program

by Leanna B. Blevins, Amy M. Harrigan, Kevin A. Janes, Jason A. Papin

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Perceptual clustering in auditory streaming

by Nathanael Larigaldie, Tim Yates, Ulrik R. Beierholm

Perception is dependent on the ability to separate stimuli from different objects and causes in order to perform inference and further processing. We have models of how the human brain can perform such causal inference for simple binary stimuli (e.g., auditory and visual), but the complexity of the models increases dramatically with more than two stimuli. To characterize human perception with more complex stimuli, we developed a Bayesian inference model that takes into account a potentially unlimited number of stimulus sources: it is general enough to factor in any discrete sequential cues from any modality. Because the model employs a non-parametric prior, increased signal complexity does not necessitate the addition of more parameters. The model not only predicts the number of possible sources, but also specifies the source with which each signal is associated. As a test case, we demonstrate that such a model can explain several phenomena in the auditory stream perception literature, that it provides an excellent fit to experimental data, and that it makes novel predictions that we experimentally confirm. These findings have implications not just for human auditory temporal perception, but for a wide range of perceptual phenomena across unisensory and multisensory stimuli.

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Time-series modeling of epidemics in complex populations: Detecting changes in incidence volatility over time

by Rachael Aber, Yanming Di, Benjamin D. Dalziel

Trends in infectious disease incidence provide important information about epidemic dynamics and prospects for control. Higher-frequency variation around incidence trends can shed light on the processes driving epidemics in complex populations, as transmission heterogeneity, shifting landscapes of susceptibility, and fluctuations in reporting can impact the volatility of observed case counts. However, measures of temporal volatility in incidence, and how volatility changes over time, are often overlooked in population-level analyses of incidence data, which typically focus on moving averages. Here we present a statistical framework to quantify temporal changes in incidence dispersion and to detect rapid shifts in the dispersion parameter, which may signal new epidemic phases. We apply the method to COVID-19 incidence data in 144 United States (US) counties from January 1st, 2020 to March 23rd, 2023. Theory predicts that dispersion should be inversely proportional to incidence, however our method reveals pronounced temporal trends in dispersion that are not explained by incidence alone, but which are replicated across counties. In particular, dispersion increased around the major surge in cases in 2022, and highly overdispersed patterns became more frequent later in the time series. These increases potentially indicate transmission heterogeneity, changes in the susceptibility landscape, or that there were changes in reporting. Shifts in dispersion can also indicate shifts in epidemic phase, so our method provides a way for public health officials to anticipate and manage changes in epidemic regime and the drivers of transmission.

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Neural network approaches, including use of topological data analysis, enhance classification of human induced pluripotent stem cell colonies by treatment condition

by Alexander Ruys de Perez, Paul E. Anderson, Elena S. Dimitrova, Melissa L. Kemp

Understanding how stem cells organize to form early tissue layers remains an important open question in developmental biology. Helpful in understanding this process are biomarkers or features that signal when a significant transition or decision occurs. We show such features from the spatial layout of the cells in a colony are sufficient to train neural networks to classify stem cell colonies according to differentiation protocol treatments each colony has received. We use topological data analysis to derive input information about the cells’ positions to a four-layer feedforward neural network. We find that despite the simplicity of this approach, such a network has performance similar to the traditional image classifier ResNet. We also find that network performance may reveal the time window during which differentiation occurs across multiple conditions.

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Allocating limited surveillance effort for outbreak detection of endemic foot and mouth disease

by Ariel Greiner, José L. Herrera-Diestra, Michael Tildesley, Katriona Shea, Matthew Ferrari

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) affects cloven-hoofed animals globally and has become a major economic burden for many countries around the world. Countries that have had recent FMD outbreaks are prohibited from exporting most meat products; this has major economic consequences for farmers in those countries, particularly farmers that experience outbreaks or are near outbreaks. Reducing the number of FMD outbreaks in countries where the disease is endemic is an important challenge that could drastically improve the livelihoods of millions of people. As a result, significant effort is expended on surveillance; but there is a concern that uninformative surveillance strategies may waste resources that could be better used on control management. Rapid detection through sentinel surveillance may be a useful tool to reduce the scale and burden of outbreaks. In this study, we use an extensive outbreak and cattle shipment network dataset from the Republic of Türkiye to retrospectively test three possible strategies for sentinel surveillance allocation in countries with endemic FMD and minimal existing FMD surveillance infrastructure that differ in their data requirements: ranging from low to high data needs, we allocate limited surveillance to [1] farms that frequently send and receive shipments of animals (Network Connectivity), [2] farms near other farms with past outbreaks (Spatial Proximity) and [3] farms that receive many shipments from other farms with past outbreaks (Network Proximity). We determine that all of these surveillance methods find a similar number of outbreaks – 2-4.5 times more outbreaks than were detected by surveying farms at random. On average across surveillance efforts, the Network Proximity and Network Connectivity methods each find a similar number of outbreaks and the Spatial Proximity method always finds the fewest outbreaks. Since the Network Proximity method does not outperform the other methods, these results indicate that incorporating both cattle shipment data and outbreak data provides only marginal benefit over the less data-intensive surveillance allocation methods for this objective. We also find that these methods all find more outbreaks when outbreaks are rare. This is encouraging, as early detection is critical for outbreak management. Overall, since the Spatial Proximity and Network Connectivity methods find a similar proportion of outbreaks, and are less data-intensive than the Network Proximity method, countries with endemic FMD whose resources are constrained could prioritize allocating sentinels based on whichever of those two methods requires less additional data collection.

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Structural elucidation of the haptoglobin–hemoglobin clearance mechanism by macrophage scavenger receptor CD163

by Ching-Shin Huang, Hui Wang, Joshua B. R. White, Oksana Degtjarik, Cindy Huynh, Kristoffer Brannstrom, Mark T. Horn, Stephen P. Muench, William S. Somers, Javier Chaparro-Riggers, Laura Lin, Lidia Mosyak

Intravascular hemolysis releases hemoglobin into the bloodstream, which can damage vascular and renal tissues due to its oxidative nature. Circulating haptoglobin acts as a primary defense by binding to free hemoglobin, forming a haptoglobin–hemoglobin (HpHb) complex that is then recognized and cleared by the CD163 scavenger receptor on macrophages. While the function and structure of HpHb complex are mostly well-defined, the molecular mechanism underlying its interaction with CD163 remains unclear. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human CD163 in its unliganded state and in its complex with HpHb. These structures reveal that CD163 functions as a trimer, forming a composite binding site at its center for one protomer of the dimeric HpHb, resulting in a 3:1 binding stoichiometry. In the unliganded state, CD163 can also form a trimer, but in an autoinhibitory configuration that occludes the ligand binding site. Widespread electrostatic interactions mediated by calcium ions are pivotal in both pre-ligand and ligand-bound receptor assemblies. This calcium-dependent mechanism enables CD163/HpHb complexes to assemble and, once internalized, disassemble into individual components upon reaching the endosome, where low calcium and lower pH conditions prevail. Collectively, this study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which CD163-mediated endocytosis efficiently clears different isoforms of HpHb.

in PLoS Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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H3K4me2 marks the enhancer: Enhancer logic in the zebrafish embryo

by Noura Maziak, Juan M. Vaquerizas

At a key point in development, the embryo activates its genome: a shift that is largely coordinated by maternally derived factors. A new study in PLOS Biology identifies H3K4me2-marked enhancers in zebrafish that function independently and mirror the gamete state. At a key point in development, the embryo activates its genome: a shift that is largely coordinated by maternally derived factors. A new study in PLOS Biology identifies H3K4me2-marked enhancers in zebrafish that function independently and mirror the gamete state.

in PLoS Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Neural activity patterns stabilize during wakefulness and conscious experience

by Simon van Gaal

Several neuronal markers have been proposed to differentiate the global brain states that underly states of consciousness. A new pre-registered study in PLOS Biology compares neural markers of loss of consciousness in flies when awake, asleep, and anesthetized. Which neuronal markers can differentiate global brain states that underly states of consciousness? This Primer explores the findings of a new study published in PLOS Biology, which compares neural markers of loss of consciousness in flies when awake, asleep and anesthetized.

in PLoS Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Cilia in the brain display region-dependent oscillations of length and orientation

by Roudabeh Vakil Monfared, Sherif Abdelkarim, Pieter Derdeyn, Kiki Chen, Hanting Wu, Kenneth Leong, Tiffany Chang, Justine Lee, Sara Versales, Surya M. Nauli, Kevin Beier, Pierre Baldi, Amal Alachkar

In this study, we conducted high-throughput spatiotemporal analysis of primary cilia length and orientation across 22 mouse brain regions. We developed automated image analysis algorithms, which enabled us to examine over 10 million individual cilia, generating the largest spatiotemporal atlas of cilia. We found that cilia length and orientation display substantial variations across different brain regions and exhibit fluctuations over a 24-h period, with region-specific peaks during light-dark phases. Our analysis revealed unique orientation patterns of cilia, suggesting that cilia orientation within the brain is not random but follows specific patterns. Using BioCycle, we identified rhythmic fluctuations in cilia length across five brain regions: the nucleus accumbens core, somatosensory cortex, and the dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei. Our findings present novel insights into the brain cilia dynamics, and highlight the need for further investigation into cilia’s role in the brain’s response to environmental changes and regulation of oscillatory physiological processes.

in PLoS Biology on 2025-07-11 14:00:00 UTC.

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Heavy Metal Contamination: Sources, Health Impacts, and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies with Insights from Nigerian Case Studies [version 4; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]

Heavy metal contamination has gradually become a highly significant global issue due to its continual existence in the environment and bioaccumulation in the ecosystems, posing deleterious risks to human health. The major objectives of the review is to investigate the sources, pathways, and toxicological impacts of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, elucidating their health consequences and plausible mitigation strategies. Furthermore, the review explores the dual origins of heavy metal contamination; natural geological processes and anthropogenic activities such as industrial emissions, mining, and agricultural practices. These heavy metals seep into soil, water, and food chains, leading to bioaccumulation, bio-magnification and causing significant health risks, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and reproductive toxicity. Additionally, the addition of indigenous case studies from Nigeria, such as lead poisoning in Zamfara State and contamination in the Great Kwa River of Cross Rivers State underscores the disproportionate impact of heavy metal pollution in developing nations. The key findings from this review via the selected case studies revealed the socio-economic and environmental dimensions of the issue, providing a contextual understanding of region-specific vulnerabilities and health outcomes. To address these problems, the review evaluates already existing mitigation strategies, including chelation therapy and phytoremediation, while proposing sustainable, cost-effective solutions for reducing exposure and mitigating impacts. It emphasizes the importance of integrative approaches involving policy, community engagement, and technological innovations to fight heavy metal contamination effectively. In conclusion, this review contributes to the understanding of heavy metal toxicity, giving and showcasing very much important insights into the sources and health implications of contamination. By integrating theoretical perspectives with practical solutions, this review provides a robust framework for informing policy makers and advancing sustainable environmental management practices.

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 13:02:09 UTC.

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Digital literacy in the use of digital platforms in public administration in the Lambayeque Region [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Background Nowadays, digital literacy plays a key role in improving public management, especially in the most vulnerable communities. In this regard, we aim to understand how the knowledge and use of digital tools impact the work life of the vulnerable population in Lambayeque, facilitating their access to digital platforms and, in turn, improving their interaction with public services. The research aimed to analyze how the implementation of digital literacy improved the use of digital platforms in public administration among the vulnerable working population of the Lambayeque Region during the year 2023. Methods To achieve this, an applied approach with a descriptive-propositional scope was adopted. Additionally, a non-experimental and cross-sectional design was employed, considering a population of 1,356 inhabitants of Lambayeque, from which 673 were selected using a statistical formula. Results The results evidenced a positive relationship between digital literacy and the use of digital platforms. It was observed that the majority of respondents had a high level of digital literacy, which favored efficiency in the use of these tools within public administration. However, it was also identified that a sector of the population still presented a medium level, highlighting the need to strengthen the development of digital skills. Furthermore, the findings coincided with previous research that emphasized the importance of digital literacy in various sectors, such as commerce, small and medium enterprises, and financial inclusion. Conclusions Consequently, it was concluded that training in digital literacy was key to the adoption of new technologies and the utilization of digital services, thereby promoting a more active and empowered citizenship in the digital environment.

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 13:00:34 UTC.

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Digital Leadership in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends from 2010 to 2024 [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the COVID-19 pandemic, and the rapidly digitising educational system due to advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have made a change in leadership imperative. A key framework for improving organisational effectiveness in handling these changes is digital leadership. It combines technological competencies with traditional leadership. Even with increased scholarly interest, there remains a gap in the thorough analysis of the field’s intellectual framework, thematic evolution, and collaborative dynamics. This study addresses this gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis of digital leadership research in education from 2010 to 2024, employing RStudio to map publication trends, influential sources, author productivity, conceptual themes, and social structures. Data from 338 Scopus-indexed documents reveal a significant rise in publications post-2010, peaking in 2023, with core journals such as Education and Information Technologies and Cogent Education dominating the field. Prolific authors like Karakose T., Altinay F., and Z. underscore the centrality of collaborative research, while thematic mapping identifies key clusters: digital competence, virtual leadership, and institutional innovation. Thematic evolution highlights a post-pandemic pivot toward digital transformation and AI integration, though niche areas like K-12 digital leadership remain underdeveloped. Social network analysis reveals fragmented yet growing global collaborations, with the United States, Turkey, and the United Kingdom as dominant hubs, while disparities persist in Global South participation. The study’s implications emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research, equitable global partnerships, and policy frameworks that prioritize digital leadership training for educators. Practitioners are encouraged to implement adaptive strategies to leverage emerging technologies, ensuring sustainable learning outcomes. This analysis provides a foundation for future research and practice in digital leadership by delineating the field’s conceptual and social networks, thereby bridging the divides between theory, policy, and institutional practice.

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 12:59:15 UTC.

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Propensity to Cheat Scale Validation in the Ethiopian Public Higher Education Institutions [version 3; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 2 not approved]

Background This study aimed to validate a comprehensive and psychometrically sound instrument—the Propensity to Cheat Scale (PCS)—designed to measure undergraduate students’ propensity toward academic dishonesty in Ethiopian universities. Based on Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior, the PCS was validated to assess students’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control related to various forms of cheating, including cheating on tests and examinations, cheating on assignments, cheating on research work (plagiarism), and theft and mutilation of library materials. Methods The present study employed an explanatory research design using a questionnaire based on the Propensity to Cheat Scale (PCS). The questionnaire was administered to 500 university students (male = 367 [73.4%]; female = 133 [26.6%]) selected from three Ethiopian public universities between November and January 2022. In order to measure the underlying variables of propensity towards cheating, a factor model is developed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the students’ perceived PTC. The internal consistency of the PTC scale was assessed using reliability analysis, and validity evaluations were conducted to confirm the scale’s discriminant and convergent validity. Results Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results revealed a good fit to the data, and the internal consistency of the PCS was found to be strong, providing a reliable measure of students’ propensity for cheating. Validity evaluations, including discriminant validity and convergent validity, confirmed the validity of the scale. The average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability values also supported the scale’s convergent validity. The multidimensional concept of the PTC was supported by a four-factor solution consisting of 26 reliable and valid items. Conclusion The findings of the study demonstrate that the scale has also provided sufficient evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. By establishing discriminant and convergent validity, as well as reliability, through different validation procedures, the study has provided strong evidence for the effectiveness of the PCS as an instrument for determining whether university students are likely to engage in cheating behavior.

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 12:49:49 UTC.

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From simple lab tasks to the virtual court: Bayesian integration in tennis

Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 134, Issue 1, Page 303-313, July 2025.

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2025-07-11 12:22:20 UTC.

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Muscle function and electromyography: (almost) 70 years since Doty and Bosma (1956)

Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 134, Issue 1, Page 337-346, July 2025.

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2025-07-11 12:22:18 UTC.

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Unified measures quantifying intensity and similarity of pain and somatosensory percepts

Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 134, Issue 1, Page 292-302, July 2025.

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2025-07-11 12:22:17 UTC.

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Complementary functional profiles of mismatch responses mediated by adaptation and deviance detection point to two distinct auditory short-term memory systems

Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 134, Issue 1, Page 314-336, July 2025.

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2025-07-11 12:22:15 UTC.

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Patients perspectives on an interprofessional care model in healthcare for patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: A qualitative study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Background Managing immune-mediated inflammatory diseases(IMIDs) is complex for patients and healthcare professionals. Research indicates healthcare fragmentation due to mono-disciplinary approaches that address numerous comorbid conditions. While acknowledged as critical to IMIDs care, the joint coordination and management of somatic disorders, psychological disorders, and socioeconomic factors receive limited attention in current clinical practices. Research calls for more interprofessional approaches addressing IMIDs patients’ needs. Therefore, this study explored patients’ experiences participating in an interprofessional patient-centred complex IMIDs intervention to inform future development. Materials & Methods The study was based on semi-structured interviews with 11 participants. We used Thematic Analysis to analyse data. Results We identified three overarching themes: Bringing well-known actors into a new concept, Expanding interprofessional care, and Bridging interprofessional care. From the patients’ perspective, integrating expertise from well-known professionals and a broader spectrum of professionals was critical to addressing their complex IMIDs needs and avoiding fragmentation. Moreover, coordination administered by care coordinators was vital to their experiences of success. Conclusions This study presents a two-fold conceptualisation of interprofessional care to inform future IMIDs intervention development. Our results underscore the importance of individualising and tailoring treatment through patient-centred care to help patients improve their IMIDs and self-management skills.

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 11:23:57 UTC.

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LitSieve: An integrated literature search and triage tool for biocuration [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Biomedical databases are an important part of the scientific infrastructure for organising and synergising research outputs. Many of these databases abstract content from the rapidly expanding scientific literature. Therefore, database curators require effective literature search methods in order to capture research relevant to their domain. This article describes LitSieve, a literature search tool with filtering based on text mined annotations, and flexible article organisation features. It allows users to define filters based on biomedical entities like genes, diseases and species to include or exclude particular articles within their results. By combining a search query with a filter, curators are able to identify articles relevant to the database which they are curating. LitSieve uses APIs provided by Europe PMC, from which abstracts, article full text and text mined annotations are drawn. LitSieve is available at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/litsieve/

in F1000Research on 2025-07-11 11:03:14 UTC.

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Predicting interface residues for protein polymers based on module division

Author(s): Shuhong Yu, Zicheng Xie, Jiudong Wang, and Xinqi Gong

In the field of computational biology, AlphaFold has facilitated remarkable progress in predicting protein structures. However, for some multimeric complexes, the accuracy of its predictions still needs improvement. Enhancing the prediction of binding sites in protein oligomers contributes to the pr…

[Phys. Rev. E 112, 014403] Published Fri Jul 11, 2025

in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2025-07-11 10:00:00 UTC.

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The Brain of the African Wild Dog. V. The Somatosensory System and Vestibular Nuclear Complex

Lateral view of the African wild dog brain showing the location of the somatosensory cortical areas in relation to the parietal multisensory region (PP), occipital visual cortical areas (17, 18, 19, 21, SS, T), and temporal auditory cortical areas (AAF, AI AII). These broad relations of the sensory cortex reflect that observed in many other mammals.

ABSTRACT

Social behaviors in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) commonly involve a range of tactile aspects, including biting, pushing, embracing, mounting, face and muzzle licking, nose–chin and muzzle contact, paw placement, play fighting, and wrestling, supported by the vestibular system. We employed an array of architectural and immunohistochemical stains to provide a qualitative description of the somatosensory and vestibular systems in the brain of one representative African wild dog individual. The appearance of both systems does not appear to differ from that reported in other Carnivora. The six nuclei forming the vestibular system, and their relationship to each other and the incoming vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve, appear like those observed in many mammalian species. The location and appearance of the dorsal column nuclei, the trigeminal sensory column, the colliculi, somatosensory nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, and the five somatosensory cortical areas observed in the African wild dog are like those observed in the domestic dog and other Carnivora. This study of the somatosensory and vestibular systems of the African wild dog completes our series of studies describing the major sensory systems in the African wild dog brain. It appears reasonable to conclude that, at the systems level of analysis, no overt specializations of any of the sensory systems are present. Thus, the neural underpinnings of the complex sociality of the African wild dog may be supported by nonsensory neural systems, such as motor, neuromodulatory, limbic, or cognitive systems, or levels of organization like receptor expression patterns or connectivity.

in Journal of Comparative Neurology on 2025-07-11 08:05:03 UTC.

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Cognitive Performance in Early Neuronal Synuclein Disease with Hyposmia but without Motor Disability: Association with Dopamine Deficiency and Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Objective

To determine the impact of dopamine deficiency and isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) on cognitive performance in early neuronal α-synuclein disease (NSD) with hyposmia but without motor disability.

Methods

Using Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative baseline data, cognitive performance was assessed with a cognitive summary score (CSS) derived from robust healthy control (HC) norms. Performance was examined for participants with hyposmia in early NSD-Integrated Staging System (NSD-ISS), either stage 2A (cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein seed amplification assay [SAA]+, dopamine transporter scan [DaTscan]−) or 2B (SAA+, DaTscan+).

Results

Participants were stage 2A (n = 101), stage 2B (N = 227), and HCs (n = 158). Although stage 2 had intact Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (mean [SD] = 27.0 [2.3]), stage 2A had a numerically worse CSS (z-score mean difference = 0.05, p = NS; effect size = 0.09) and stage 2B a statistically worse CSS (z-score mean difference = 0.23, p < 0.05; effect size = 0.40) compared with HCs. In stage 2A, hyposmia alone was associated with normal cognition, but those with comorbid iRBD had significantly worse cognition (z-score mean difference = 0.33, p < 0.05, effect size =0.50). In stage 2B, hyposmia alone had abnormal cognition (z-score mean difference = 0.18, p = 0.0078, effect size = 0.29), and superimposed iRBD had a statistically significant additive effect.

Interpretation

Using a novel CSS, we demonstrated that hyposmia is associated with cognitive deficits in prodromal NSD without motor disability, particularly when comorbid dopamine system impairment or comorbid iRBD is present. Therefore, it is critical to include and assess cognition at all stages when studying synuclein disease, even in the absence of motor disability. ANN NEUROL 2025

in Annals of Neurology on 2025-07-11 07:24:20 UTC.

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