Planet Neuroscience

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OpenMBD: An Open-Source Multibody Dynamics Simulator for Biomechanics Research and Education [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-20 09:15:54 UTC.

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Micro‐Stimulation Timing Framed Around an Averaged Theta Period of Stimulation Determines Hippocampal Recruitment in Cued Fear Conditioning

ABSTRACT

The importance of precise timing of neuronal activity, relative to ongoing slower oscillations, is reshaping the engram theory and our understanding of how memories are encoded and stored. The hippocampal theta-wave phase-encoding of neuronal firing predicts behavioral outcomes and cognitive performance in memory tasks. A single external stimulus or a sensory/cognitive cue may induce Phase-Resetting shift of theta waves, without changing their frequency or power. This phenomenon seems to be a core mechanism for temporal coordination, information encoding, and memory formation. We hypothesize that not only Phase-Resetting, but temporally coded neuromodulation packaged around an averaged theta cycle of 140 ms, plays a role in engram formation. Inter-pulse microstimulation patterns (MS) consisting of six stimuli within a 140 ms period were applied to the intermedial CA3 hippocampal area of C57/BL6 mice. Each MS-pattern consisted of a 10-bit word (each bit representing a 14-ms bin), indicating the phase at which MS was applied. The randomized (MSr) or fixed pattern (MSf) stimulus was applied during a 30 s presentation of a pure tone (CS) that terminated with a 2 s/0.4 mA footshock (US). Sham animals underwent surgery and cued fear conditioning, but no MS. Cued fear memory was tested by presenting the CS (without MS) in a different context. The group of mice that received the MSf during conditioning showed higher levels of freezing compared to the Sham group; the MSr group did not. We measured c-Fos/NeuN labeling as a proxy for neuronal activity 90 min after memory retrieval. As expected, since cued-fear memory is predominantly amygdala-dependent, all groups showed an increase in c-Fos expression in the amygdala. However, only the MSf group had higher hippocampal activation after retrieval, suggesting that fixed pattern stimulation framed around an averaged theta cycle led to neuronal integration into the memory trace. Our findings indicate that temporal organization plays a crucial role in how memories are stored and accessed.

in Hippocampus on 2026-04-20 06:36:57 UTC.

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Motoneuron Excitability in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects of Dopaminergic Medication

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-04-20 06:21:22 UTC.

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Intermittent phrenic afferent activation induces phrenic motor plasticity

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-04-20 06:12:25 UTC.

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A motor thalamic site in humans that suppresses involuntary breathing without awareness

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-04-20 06:11:25 UTC.

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A Primary Central Source Determines Perturbation-Evoked N1 Amplitudes in Younger Adults

in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-04-20 06:01:22 UTC.

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Pharmacological Profile of Early Sharp Waves in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampus

ABSTRACT

Early activity patterns support the development of neuronal networks by promoting synaptic plasticity. In the hippocampus of neonatal rats and mice in vivo, early sharp waves (eSPWs) are the first pattern of synchronized network activity. The activation of glutamate- and GABA(A)-mediated synaptic currents was described during eSPWs. However, the contribution of different receptor subtypes to eSPW generation is still obscure. To explore the receptor mechanisms of eSPW generation we used a «superfused hippocampus» preparation, which allows a drug application directly to the large area of the hippocampal surface in vivo. Using silicon probe recordings from the superfused hippocampus of neonatal Wistar rats, we assessed electrophysiological properties of eSPWs in control conditions and during the superfusion with glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists. We showed that blocking the AMPA/kainate and NMDA glutamate receptors reduced to a different degree the eSPW frequency and neuronal firing associated with eSPWs. Only when applied simultaneously did the AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptor antagonists completely suppress eSPWs. At the same time, GABA(A) receptors appeared to have a limited role in eSPW generation as eSPWs persisted after GABA(A) receptor blockade alternating with recurrent epileptiform discharges; yet, eSPW amplitude was reduced after epileptiform activity onset. We also observed no changes in eSPW properties produced by blocking the GABA(B) receptors. Taken together, our findings reveal a predominant involvement of AMPA/kainate and NMDA glutamate receptors in eSPW generation and emphasize the role of eSPWs in providing conditions for NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity in the developing hippocampus.

in Hippocampus on 2026-04-20 04:45:43 UTC.

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Annals of Neurology: Volume 99, Number 5, May 2026

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Issue Information

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Combination Disease‐Modifying Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Repurposed Drugs

We review the positive effects of several existing drugs from different classes, such as chemical chaperones, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), iron chelators, and cluster-Abelson tyrosine kinase inhibitors (c-Abl TKIs), in preclinical disease models and in available published human data following use of these drugs in individuals with common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). A concept of combinatory neuroprotective therapy using a drug-repurposing approach is then discussed. Finally, we propose a strategy to design an ideal combination of drugs able to address multiple pathogenic processes involved in neurodegeneration to achieve clinically meaningful results. ANN NEUROL 2026 ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1099–1112

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Spontaneous Resolution of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Confined B‐Cell Reconstruction and High T‐Cell Clonality Define Clinical Response to Cladribine Treatment

Cladribine tablets are approved for relapsing multiple sclerosis, mediating their clinical effect by moderately depleting lymphocytes. In a prospective, monocentric study including 22 patients completing 2 annual cycles of cladribine, B- and T-cell receptor repertoires and relapse activity were assessed at baseline and after 24 months. T-cell clonality increased, driven by loss of low-frequency, naive clonotypes, and re-expansion of dominant CD8 memory clonotypes, particularly in clinically stable patients. In contrast, B-cell receptor richness increased because of reconstruction by transitional and naive B cells with higher clonotype numbers observed in relapsing patients. Therefore, competing immune reconstitution following cladribine therapy could result in differential clinical responses. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1166–1172

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Increased Numbers of CD4+ T‐Cells in the Hypocretin/Orexin Region of Narcolepsy Type 1

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is presumed to be an autoimmune disorder caused by hypothalamic loss of hypocretin (Hcrt; orexin). In postmortem NT1 brains, we observed an 11-fold increase of CD4⁺ T-cells in the Hcrt region compared with control hypothalami, without a corresponding rise in CD8⁺ T-cells. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell numbers were unchanged in other hypothalamic regions, including the paraventricular nucleus and median eminence, and in extra-hypothalamic areas such as the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Hcrt-region CD4⁺ T-cells expressed the tissue-resident memory markers CD49a and CXCR6. These findings support the autoimmune hypothesis of NT1. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1173–1178

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Cerebral Amyloidoma: An Update Following “Fixation Duress” on PET

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Reply to “Cerebral Amyloidoma: An Update Following ‘Fixation Duress’ on PET”

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Effects of Intradural Extension of Extracranial Cervical Artery Dissection on Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis From the STOP‐CAD Study

Objective

Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) may be limited to the extracranial extradural space or extend to the intradural space. Intradural extension can potentially increase the risk of stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, the factors associated with intradural extension and its impact on clinical outcome remain unclear.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of the STOP-CAD observational, multi-center study. Patients with CeAD and intradural extension (CeADid) were compared with those with pure CeAD extradural dissections (CeADed) using multiple regression analyses.

Results

Of 4,023 patients with CeAD, 534 (13.3%) had CeADid. In comparison to patients with CeADed, those with CeADid more often had clinical overt stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) at presentation, acute infarcts on imaging, a vertebral artery affected, and severe stenosis of the involved vessel (p < 0.001 for all). In contrast, carotid involvement and complete occlusions were more frequent in patients with CeADed (p < 0.001 for both). CeADid was associated with a shift in the distribution of scores on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) toward worse functional outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62–0.92) but the odds for favorable outcomes (mRS = 0–2) did not differ between the groups after appropriate adjustments on multivariate analysis. CeADid was independently associated with higher mortality at 180 days on multivariate analysis (adjusted OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.50–5.38).

Interpretation

CeADid is associated with more severe clinical presentation, a shift toward less favorable outcomes, and higher mortality rates. These findings suggest that CeADid may represent a high-risk type of CeAD. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1189–1197

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Conditioning Electrical Stimulation for Patients with Moderate or Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) can drastically impair one's ability to work and interferes with activities of daily living. We recently demonstrated that, in rodents, conditioning electrical stimulation (CES) delivered to the nerve 7 days prior to surgery imparts a conditioning lesion-like effect by accelerating the rate of regeneration along the entire length of the nerve. The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that CES could accelerate nerve regeneration and improve function in patients with moderate or severe CTS.

Methods

Using a double-blind randomized controlled study design, patients received surgery + CES or surgery + sham stimulation. They were evaluated at regular intervals for 12 months following intervention. Primary outcome was motor unit number estimation (MUNE), supplemented with secondary outcomes including motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, Semmes Weinstein Monofilaments, and Moberg Pick-Up Test.

Results

Sixty-four participants were randomized to either the treatment or control groups. There was no significant demographic or physiological difference at baseline between the groups. No major adverse event was found with treatment. Following intervention, there was significantly greater increase in MUNE of 62 ± 71 in the treatment group compared to 25 ± 66 in the controls after 12 months. In the treatment group, there was correspondingly better physiological and functional recovery and hand dexterity compared with the controls.

Interpretation

CES is a safe, feasible, and efficacious treatment to improve nerve reinnervation and functional outcomes in patients with moderate or severe CTS. This may open future possibilities for more effective treatment for other peripheral nerve injuries. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1251–1262

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Brain‐Computer Interface‐Controlled Exoskeleton Training for Lower‐Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled exoskeleton training on lower-limb functional recovery, psychological outcomes, and neural plasticity in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, single-blind pilot trial (ChiCTR2300074503) including 21 patients with SCI. Participants were randomized to a BCI-exoskeleton group (B + E, n = 10) or an exoskeleton-only group (E, n = 11) for lower-limb training. Both groups received conventional rehabilitation plus 30 minutes of training, 6 days per week, for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes were Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) scoring. Secondary outcomes included Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM III), International Association of Neurorestoratology Spinal Cord Injury Functional Rating Scale (IANR-SCIFRS), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Cortical plasticity was assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

The B + E group showed a significant improvement in LEMS (p = 0.003), whereas both groups improved in IANR-SCIFRS (p < 0.05). The B + E group demonstrated significant within-group gains in walking speed (10MWT, p < 0.001) and endurance (6MWT, p = 0.031), although between-group differences were not significant. Compared with the E group, the B + E group had larger reductions in HADS scores (p = 0.003). EEG analyses revealed stronger μ/β desynchronization and increased network efficiency, whereas MRI showed no structural changes.

Interpretation

BCI-controlled exoskeleton training enhanced motor function, walking performance, and depressive symptoms more than exoskeleton training alone, likely through cortical reorganization. Extended training may further consolidate these benefits, supporting BCI-exoskeleton integration as a promising rehabilitation strategy for SCI. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1124–1138

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Longitudinal Trajectories of Brain Health Risk Factors Measured by the Brain Care Score and Risk of Stroke, Dementia, and Depression

Objective

Evidence linking modifiable risk factors to age-related brain diseases, such as dementia, stroke, and depression (DSD), is robust, yet limited regarding long-term change in modifiable risk factors in association with these conditions, particularly in real-world settings. This study aimed to assess whether longitudinal changes in modifiable brain health risk factors were associated with reduced risk of DSD.

Methods

We analyzed UK Biobank data (2006–2019) from 155,469 participants with general practitioner-linked data. The Brain Care Score (BCS) assesses 12 modifiable risk factors across lifestyle, physical, and social–emotional domains. Longitudinal BCS measurements were derived from repeated general practitioner (GP)-recorded measurements. Changes in the BCS were modeled using linear mixed-effects models, and associations with DSD were evaluated using multivariable Cox models, adjusting for baseline BCS and genetic risk (polygenic risk scores for stroke and depression, and APOE genotype for dementia).

Results

Among 155,469 participants (median age = 51 years, 54.3% women), the median annual BCS change was 0.14 (Q1–Q3 = 0.008–0.30) points over a median follow-up of 12.3 years (Q1–Q3 = 11.5–13.1 years). Over time, 82.1% improved their BCS, 12.9% remained stable, and 5.0% worsened over time. Each 1-point annual increase in the BCS was associated with 4% lower risk of incident age-related brain diseases (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95–0.97).

Interpretation

In this large real-world cohort, improvements in modifiable risk factor profiles were associated with lower incidence of DSD, regardless of genetic risk or baseline BCS. Our results provide important information for communicating with patients about the brain health benefits of improving risk factor profiles. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1113–1123

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Myelitis‐Predominant Aggressive Phenotype: Unveiling Unique Patterns of Late‐Onset Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare clinical features and prognosis of late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (LO-NMOSD, onset age ≥60 years) with adult-onset NMOSD (AO-NMOSD, onset age 18–59 years), and to provide insights for individualized management in elderly patients.

Methods

Data from 748 patients with NMOSD (diagnosed according to the 2015 International Panel for NMO Diagnosis criteria) in the China National Registry of Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases (CNRID) were analyzed. Patients were stratified into AO-NMOSD (18–59 years, n = 617) and LO-NMOSD (≥ 60 years, n = 131). Demographics, clinical manifestations, imaging, treatments, and outcomes were compared using appropriate statistical methods including Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

LO-NMOSD showed distinct traits: a lower female predominance (76.34% vs 86.55%), higher transverse myelitis (TM) incidence at onset (57.36% vs 40.17%), elevated annualized relapse rate (ARR; 0.52 ± 0.03 vs 0.38 ± 0.01), and accelerated disability (median Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] 4.75 vs 3.0). TM-predominant relapses (39 of 45, 86.67% in LO vs 96 of 148, 64.86% in AO) contributed significantly to disability. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed LO-NMOSD had a higher risk of relapse (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.932, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.427–2.615), disability (HR = 3.192, 95% CI = 1.932–5.274) and reaching visual acuity (VA) ≤20 of 30 (HR = 3.523, 95% CI = 1.585–7.828). Cox regression confirmed that onset age ≥60 years was an independent risk factor for relapse (HR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.60–2.59), disability (HR = 3.16, 95% CI = 2.14–4.62), and reaching VA ≤20 of 30 (HR 3.26, 95% CI = 1.83–5.48).

Interpretation

LO-NMOSD is characterized by myelitis-predominance with recurrent spinal cord involvement, high risk of relapses, and severe disability. It thus underscores the need for heightened clinical attention, with rigorous monitoring that balance safety and efficacy for elderly patients with NMOSD. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1139–1151

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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A Patient‐Derived Antibody Ameliorates Disease Severity in a Relapsing Remitting Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Objective

Naturally occurring autoantibodies are commonly considered to be causative of autoimmune diseases or epiphenomena with no known biological impact. Although clinically beneficial autoantibodies have been described, there have been no naturally occurring anti-neuronal antibodies that have been found to be neuroprotective. Here, we identify a recombinant human antibody (TGM-010) derived from a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) that binds human and mouse neurons, leading to beneficial effects.

Methods

TGM-010 was examined for its ability to be internalized by human and mouse neurons and protect neurons from death in vitro following a stress event. TGM-010 was also injected systemically into a relapsing–remitting model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to examine its ability to impact disease score, extent of demyelination, and neuron frequency.

Results

TGM-010 demonstrates many novel characteristics including crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and internalizing into neurons. TGM-010 also protects primary mouse neurons from death in vitro. In a mouse model of MS, TGM-010 ameliorates disease severity and is associated with improved neuronal survival.

Interpretation

This study identified a patient-derived neuron-binding autoantibody that crosses the BBB in mice and reduces neuron loss in a mouse model of MS. These data suggest that the human derived anti-neuronal antibody, TGM-010, may potentially be used to ameliorate neurodegeneration that underlies disability in neurodegenerative conditions. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1152–1165

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Probabilistic Lesion Mapping to Optimize Thalamotomy Targets for Focal Hand Dystonia

Objective

Focal hand dystonia (FHD) severely impairs task-specific motor control, yet the optimal surgical target for stereotactic intervention remains uncertain. This study aimed to identify the precise thalamic lesion site associated with symptomatic improvement and to clarify its network connectivity.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 164 patients with FHD (mean age = 42.0 years, 26.2% women) who underwent stereotactic thalamotomy of the ventral lateral thalamus. Voxel-wise probabilistic lesion mapping was applied to relate lesion locations to clinical outcomes. Structural connectivity analyses assessed fiber tracts linked to the optimal lesion site. Model performance was evaluated by 10-fold cross-validation, validation in an out-of-sample cohort, and testing in reoperation cases.

Results

We identified that lesioning the border zone between the ventralis oralis posterior (Vop) and ventralis intermedius (Vim) nuclei was associated with improvement of FHD. The predictive model achieved high accuracy in cross-validation (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.836) and performed robustly in independent validation. Connectivity analyses showed that the Vop-Vim border zone was linked to cerebellothalamic and pallidothalamic afferents as well as thalamocortical projections to the supplementary motor area and premotor cortex. In contrast, lesions extending into the ventralis oralis anterior nucleus were associated with an increased risk of motor complications.

Interpretation

Precise targeting of the Vop-Vim border maximizes clinical benefit while minimizing adverse effects in FHD thalamotomy. These findings establish the first evidence-based thalamic target for FHD, offering practical guidance for stereotactic interventions and advancing understanding of dystonia pathophysiology. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1227–1238

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Reframing the Risks of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Comparison of 2.8 Million Elective Surgeries From the NSQIP Database

Objective

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established surgical therapy for movement disorders, epilepsy, and psychiatric conditions, yet remains underutilized due to perceived risks. We therefore endeavored to compare the safety of DBS to other common elective procedures to provide context for its relative risk.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study utilized the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, encompassing diverse referral and community hospitals across the United States from 2015 to 2021. Patients with DBS were compared with those receiving one of the 16 most common elective procedures. The primary outcome of interest was the weighted odds of any postoperative complication at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included risk of readmission, reoperation, and discharge disposition. Logistic regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity scores adjusted for baseline group heterogeneity.

Results

We identified 2,853,662 patients for analysis, including 4,749 DBS procedures. After IPTW adjustment, patients with DBS experienced lower 30-day complication rates compared with other procedures (1.3% vs 4.1%, OR = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25–0.41, p < 0.0001). Readmission rates did not differ significantly (2.2% vs 2.6%, OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.69–1.02, p = 0.08). DBS cases had higher odds of discharge home (98.7% vs 96.3%, OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 2.27–3.82, p < 0.0001) and lower reoperation rates (0.7% vs 1.3%, OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.35–0.72, p = 0.0002).

Interpretation

DBS demonstrates a favorable safety profile with substantially lower complication rates compared with the most widely performed elective surgeries. These findings support broader consideration of surgical referral for appropriate DBS candidates. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1239–1250

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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DNase1 RS1053874 Polymorphism is Associated with Early Neurological Recovery through NET Modulation and with Long‐Term Survival in Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objective

Immunothrombosis contributes to ischemic stroke pathophysiology through neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, which promotes thrombus stabilization and microvascular dysfunction. DNase1 is the principal endonuclease responsible for NET degradation. The rs1053874 polymorphism in DNase1 gene influences enzymatic activity and protein stability in vitro, but its clinical relevance in ischemic stroke remains unexplored. We investigated whether this variant modulates systemic NET burden and impacts stroke-related outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a prospective observational cohort study including 492 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Genotyping of rs1053874 was performed via Sanger sequencing and categorized into AA versus GG + GA genotypes (dominant model). Clinical variables, NET biomarkers (elastase, myeloperoxidase [MPO], and dsDNA), DNAse1 activity, infarct volume, thrombectomy metrics, and survival were assessed. Multivariable regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore associations between genotype and outcomes.

Results

AA genotype carriers (7.9%) had a significantly lower burden of prior vascular events compared to GG + GA carriers. At admission, they exhibited higher DNAse1 activity, reduced levels of circulating NET markers (elastase, MPO, and dsDNA), and lower neutrophil and monocyte counts. Despite similar initial stroke severity, AA carriers required fewer thrombectomy passes and had significantly better early neurological recovery and smaller infarcts. In adjusted models, both the AA genotype and dyslipidemia were independently associated with improved long-term survival. However, stratified analyses revealed the most robust survival benefit among AA carriers without dyslipidemia. No significant interaction was observed.

Interpretation

DNase1 rs1053874 polymorphism influences NET-related inflammation and is associated with improved vascular profile, procedural efficiency, and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke. These findings support the potential of DNase1 as a therapeutic and prognostic target in personalized stroke care. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1210–1223

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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The Clinical Spectrum and Neurodevelopmental Pathogenesis of KPTN‐Related Disorder in a Mouse Model

Objective

Pathogenic variants in Kaptin (KPTN) cause KPTN-related disorder (KRD). KPTN modulates mTOR signaling activation within the KICSTOR complex in response to cellular amino acid levels. We define the clinical spectrum and investigate the developmental pathogenesis of KRD.

Methods

We report the genotype and clinical phenotype of 71 KRD individuals (28 female subjects, ages 1 to 55 years) including 48 newly identified KRD individuals. The effects of Kptn knockout on brain development were assayed in vitro and in vivo.

Results

We defined 15 novel KPTN variants. Intellectual disability (ID) was identified in all KRD individuals. Macrocephaly and epilepsy were observed in 46% and 47%, respectively. Neuroimaging revealed megalencephaly but no overt structural abnormalities. Ketotic hypoglycemia and endocrinopathies were identified in KRD. Increased head size was detected in unaffected parents heterozygous for KPTN variants. Two KRD individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy were treated with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus but did not exhibit improved seizure control. CRISPR/Cas9 Kptn knockout in vitro induced mTOR activation and an mTOR-dependent increase in cell size. Kptn−/− mice exhibited increased cortical mTOR signaling that was reduced by rapamycin. Heterotopic neurons were identified in the subcortical white matter in the Kptn −/− mouse. Focal CRISPR/Cas9 Kptn knockout in cortex via in utero electroporation resulted in white matter heterotopic neurons. Electroencephalogram (EEG) did not detect ictal or inter-ictal abnormalities.

Interpretation

KRD is a multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder associated with ID, macrocephaly, epilepsy, mTOR signaling hyperactivation, and in a mouse model, subtle structural alterations in cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1287–1302

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Clot Composition Profiling in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Via Radiomics

Objective

Clot composition may offer insights into the mechanism of ischemic stroke. Radiomics, a noninvasive imaging technique, enables tissue characterization through radiomic features (RFs). We aimed to evaluate clot composition using radiomics on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT).

Methods

In the first phase, we conducted a prospective study comparing RFs with histopathology in thrombi retrieved via mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Thrombi were imaged using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and analyzed histologically. Matched micro-CT and histological slices identified red blood cells (RBCs) and fibrin-rich regions. RFs were extracted, and multivariate logistic regression identified features associated with each component. Spearman's correlation was used to assess associations between RFs and percentage composition. The same clots were localized on pre-MT NCCT, and RFs were extracted. Micro-CT and NCCT RFs were correlated to enable histology-informed interpretation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis evaluated the ability of NCCT RFs to discriminate clot composition. In the second phase, radiomics was applied to a retrospective NCCT dataset from patients with ischemic stroke with varying etiologies.

Results

Ten thrombi were analyzed using micro-CT. Total energy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20–1.54, p < 0.001) and large dependence high gray level emphasis (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07–1.32, p = 0.01) were associated with RBCs and correlated with >70% RBCs composition on NCCT (Rho = 0.752 and Rho = 0.815). Subsequently, 150 NCCT scans were analyzed, including 50 cardioembolic, 50 large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), and 50 cryptogenic strokes. Radiomic analysis indicated RBCs-predominant composition in 72% of cardioembolic, 30% of LAA, and 50% of cryptogenic clots.

Interpretation

Radiomics is a promising, noninvasive technique for characterizing clot composition. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1179–1188

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Enhanced Sensitivity of a Modified Quaking‐Induced Conversion Diagnostic Test for the Broad Detection of Sporadic and Inherited Prion Diseases: A Retrospective Study

Objective

Quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) tests, which detect prion-seeding activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have markedly advanced the antemortem diagnosis of prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). These tests provide high diagnostic accuracy and enable timely differentiation from other rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders. However, a key limitation of current QuIC tests are the reduced sensitivity in detecting inherited prion diseases and rare sporadic subtypes, including variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). To address this gap, we evaluated a simplified QuIC test, end-point QuIC (EP-QuIC), incorporating a novel recombinant prion protein substrate derived from the North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Methods

The diagnostic performance of the modified QuIC test was evaluated using CSF samples from 61 sporadic CJD, 50 inherited prion disease, and 5 VPSPr cases.

Results

EP-QuIC with the deer mouse substrate achieved 96.6% sensitivity (111/116) and 100% specificity (35/35), outperforming both standard EP-QuIC (87.1%) and next-generation (IQ-CSF) real-time-QuIC (72.4%) across the same cohort. Notably, this enhanced assay detected inherited mutations, such as D178N, that were previously undetectable with existing diagnostic tests.

Interpretation

These findings demonstrate that adapting EP-QuIC with an optimized substrate, termed enhanced sensitivity QuIC (ES-QuIC), significantly improves diagnostic performance for inherited and atypical prion diseases. By expanding the diagnostic reach of QuIC tests, this study strengthens antemortem surveillance, reduces reliance on postmortem confirmation, and improves opportunities for early intervention and clinical trial enrollment, particularly for genetic cases most likely to benefit from emerging therapeutic strategies. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1303–1314

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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When Does Alzheimer's Disease Start? Plasma Aβ42/40 Assays Show Steep Changes at Aβ‐PET Centiloid 15, Mean Age of 66 Years

Objective

Sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a long pre-clinical phase where amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau begin to accumulate in the brain. The primary objective was to determine the age at which AD starts by finding the average population age when both positron emission tomography (PET) Aβ (Aβ-PET) and plasma Aβ42/40 become abnormal.

Methods

Two high performance immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) assays (WashU/C2N and Shimadzu) were tested on samples from 1,450 participants who were diagnosed as cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD-dementia across 4 international cohorts. Natural history modeling and trajectory analyses of the combined Aβ-PET and plasma Aβ42/40 data were analyzed.

Results

Data from both assays demonstrated Aβ42/40 undergoes a rapid change at approximately 15 Centiloid (CL), at an average population disease age at 66 years. On average, plasma Aβ42/40 becomes abnormal approximately 2 years before Aβ-PET, whereby it falls sharply to a stable level at the onset of preclinical AD. Average disease age where Aβ42/40 becomes abnormal, and the corresponding Centiloid level are lower for APOE allele carriers compared with non-carriers.

Interpretation

Plasma Aβ42/40 ratio presents a step-like function of peripheral change shortly before the detection of plaques by Aβ-PET. Results are consistent with plasma Aβ42/40 falling to a steady-state level in participants with Aβ-PET levels greater than approximately 14CL for both assays. The age at which this occurs is dependent on APOE ε4 carriership, consistent with the approximate 7-year age difference in Centiloid abnormality between carriers and non-carriers. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1327–1342

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Severe, Non‐apneic Respiratory Dysfunction and Hypoxia following Generalized Convulsive Seizures

Objective

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a devastating consequence of some generalized convulsive seizures (GCS). Recent work has focused on seizure related apnea as a biomarker of SUDEP risk, frequently without characterizing the adequacy of non-apneic ventilation or identifying other dysfunctional breathing patterns. We hypothesized that GCS frequently induce immediate, severe, non-apneic respiratory dysfunction that can induce critical hypoxia and bradycardia and sought to characterize breathing patterns after GCS.

Methods

Adult patients admitted to an epilepsy monitoring unit were studied. The effects of GCS on breathing and heart rate were analyzed using nasal pressure transducers, chest and abdominal respiratory inductance plethysmography, capillary oxygen saturation, transcutaneous CO₂, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and expert audiovisual analysis. Correlation analyses, the Mann–Whitney test, and an unpaired t test were used to analyze relationships between dysfunctional breathing patterns and both the severity of postictal hypoxemia and the heart rate.

Results

Thirty-two GCS from 22 patients were analyzed and 31 exhibited 1 or more of the following breathing patterns: disordered rhythmicity (n = 28/32, 87.5%), shallow breathing (n = 12/32, 37.5%), thoracoabdominal asynchrony (n = 24/30, 80.0%), and upper airway obstruction (n = 30/32, 93.8%). Oxygen desaturation was more severe when postictal breathing was shallow or irregular in amplitude. The latter was associated with absolute or relative bradycardia.

Interpretation

Nonfatal GCS frequently induce immediate, severe, non-apneic respiratory dysfunction temporally associated with severe hypoxia and bradycardia. Our study suggests that postictal respiratory and cardiac function are tightly coupled and highlights the importance of including all the relevant pathologic variables in studies of SUDEP pathogenesis. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1263–1276

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Uniquely Affects Sulcal Depths

Objective

Though it is widely known that tau deposition affects brain structure, the precise localization of these effects is poorly understood, especially in relation to gyral and sulcal anatomy. We investigated whether tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) preferentially affects sulci, and particularly sulcal depths.

Methods

We analyzed 675 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) data to investigate relationships between neocortical tau PET signal and cortical thickness. We then examined an advanced AD case with postmortem MRI and coregistered whole-brain phospho-tau staining for evidence of sulcal tau distribution in AD. Finally, in a sample of 187 cognitively unimpaired young and older adults with resting-state functional MRI, we examined connectivity strength between tau-vulnerable regions and the hippocampus across adulthood, prior to disease-related cognitive decline.

Results

Our findings revealed that tau-related cortical thinning predominantly occurs in sulcal regions, especially the deepest parts. Postmortem histology confirmed preferential tau accumulation in sulcal depths. Additionally, connectivity analyses revealed that, across adulthood, these primarily sulcal regions most susceptible to tau-related thinning also have stronger connectivity to the hippocampus, suggesting a role for network connectivity in the vulnerability of sulci to the effects of tau pathology later in life.

Interpretation

These findings support the hypothesis that sulci, and particularly their depths, represent structurally and functionally vulnerable regions for tau deposition in AD. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this sulcal vulnerability provides insight into general principles driving regional susceptibility to pathology, and sheds light on the detrimental functional and cognitive effects of tau pathology. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1343–1353

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Individualized Atrophy‐Based Prediction of Dementia Progression in Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration With Bayesian Linear Mixed‐Effects Modeling

Objective

Age of symptom onset is highly variable in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD). Accurate prediction of onset would inform clinical management and trial enrollment. Prior studies indicate that individualized maps of brain atrophy can predict conversion to dementia in f-FTLD. We used a Bayesian linear mixed-effect (BLME) prediction method for identifying accelerated brain volume loss to predict conversion to dementia.

Methods

Participants included 234 asymptomatic or prodromal carriers of C9orf72, GRN, or MAPT mutations (including 21 dementia converters) with ≥3 longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1-weighted scans. The BLME models established individual voxel-wise gray matter trajectories using the first 2 scans. Person-specific clusters of accelerated volume loss were estimated in subsequent scans and tested as predictors of dementia conversion compared with other approaches in time-varying Cox proportional hazard models covarying for age. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves estimated utility of cluster volume in discriminating which participants converted to dementia within 24 months.

Results

The BLME cluster volume predicted conversion to dementia in f-FTLD mutation carriers overall and separately in C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT, with comparable hazard ratios observed for atrophy W-maps and regional volumes. Within a 24-month timeframe, BLME cluster volume discriminated dementia converters from non-converters with larger areas under the curve (AUCs) than other approaches.

Interpretation

Bayesian-modeled individualized atrophy scores predict dementia progression among asymptomatic f-FTLD mutation carriers and may have increased utility compared with other structural imaging methods when studying individuals over shorter timeframes that align with clinical trial design. ANN NEUROL 20269999:n/a–n/a

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Individualized Treatment in Distal and Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke Using a Validated Explainable Counterfactual Treatment Estimation Model

Objective

The optimal treatment for distal medium vessel occlusion (DMVO) stroke remains uncertain, and evidence comparing endovascular therapy (EVT) with medical management (MM) is limited. We aimed to develop and validate a predictive modeling tool to assess individual treatment benefit in DMVO stroke using explainable counterfactual treatment estimation.

Methods

Adults with isolated DMVO stroke (M3–M4, A2–A3, or P1–P2) were retrospectively identified from 7 stroke centers. To estimate individualized probabilities of favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] = 0–2 at 90 days), we developed a Penalized Logistic Regression (Elastic Net) model. This framework was selected a priori over other explored machine learning algorithms (Decision Tree, Support Vector Classifier, and XGBoost) for its superior interpretability and ability to handle multicollinearity among interaction terms. Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) was implemented to address confounding by indication in the observational data. Internal validation used repeated K-fold cross-validation and bootstrapping; external validation was performed on an independent cohort (n = 86).

Results

Of 321 eligible patients, 179 received EVT (55.8%) and 142 received MM (44.2%). Adjusted models showed no significant overall group differences in favorable outcome (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97–1.80), mortality (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.78–1.85), or symptomatic hemorrhage (aOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.21–1.58). However, the model identified significant treatment effect heterogeneity; EVT benefit was amplified in patients with higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and attenuated with increasing treatment delay. Internal validation demonstrated strong performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.71–0.82). External validation confirmed generalizability (AUC = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.63–0.84). Individualized treatment estimates showed high concordance with a benchmark causal T-Learner model (Pearson r = 0.97 internal and r = 0.98 external).

Interpretation

Although aggregate outcomes did not differ significantly, the validated Distal and Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke (DUSK) Tool enables individualized estimation of EVT benefit in DMVO stroke. This explainable counterfactual treatment estimation framework supports precision decision making by identifying specific patient subgroups most likely to benefit from EVT over MM. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1198–1209

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Diverse Genetic Etiologies of Unilateral Polymicrogyria

Objective

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is one of the most common human malformations of cortical development and is often classified by its radiographic pattern of distribution. Unilateral polymicrogyria (uPMG) is a subtype of PMG affecting a portion or all of one cerebral hemisphere. As most PMGs occur bilaterally, there has been no specific investigation as to whether the genetic underpinnings of uPMG comprise a subset of or a distinct entity from bilateral PMG. In this study, our goal was to assess both the genetic etiology of uPMG and the value of diagnostic genetic testing in this setting.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from individuals with uPMG seen in the Brain Development and Genetics Clinic and/or research participants of the Walsh Laboratory at Boston Children's Hospital. The final study cohort included 35 individuals from 30 families who were diagnosed with uPMG on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and also underwent genetic testing.

Results

A likely genetic cause was identified in 26.7% (8/30) of unrelated individuals with uPMG in this cohort and segregated within one family (10/35 total subjects). Recessive genetic causes included ASPM, WDR62, and TMEM216. Dominant causes included 22q deletion syndrome, DYNC1H1, SCN3A, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) genes, ACVRL1 and ENG. This is the first report of variants in DYNC1H1, TMEM216, and ACVRL1 in association with uPMG.

Interpretation

The genetic causes of bilateral PMG and uPMG can overlap, but some are unique to certain distributions of the malformation. Genetic explanations for uPMG are found at comparable rates to bilateral PMG, suggesting that germline testing for this unique presentation is warranted. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1277–1286

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-20 04:45:35 UTC.

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Dissociable Mechanisms Underlie Differences Between Memory and Metamemory in Older Adults: The Differentiating Role of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms

ABSTRACT

The ability to remember (i.e., memory ability) and to accurately discern memory function (i.e., metamemory) are both important facets of cognition. In the present study, we examined the shared and distinct sources of variance across memory ability and metamemory using psychometrically validated measures of memory ability, metamemory, and anxiety and depression symptoms in conjunction with multimodal imaging (i.e., structural MRI, tau PET) in a sample of cognitively normal older adults (N = 72). Replicating a growing body of work, we found that metamemory was more tightly linked to anxiety and depression symptoms relative to objective measures of memory ability. Our results also revealed that the hippocampus was a critical locus of both memory ability and metamemory—hippocampal volume was positively associated with memory ability, but not metamemory, whereas increased hippocampal tau pathology exacerbated the negative effect of anxiety and depression symptoms on metamemory. Importantly, we also found that after controlling for anxiety and depression symptoms and tau burden, there was a positive association between memory ability and metamemory. Our findings also demonstrated the importance of assessing different facets of metamemory; self-reported memory contentment and ability, but not strategy use, showed the strongest relationships with both anxiety and depression symptoms and hippocampal tau burden. Together, these results suggest that both shared and distinct mechanisms underlie memory ability and metamemory processes in older adults. Chiefly, this work highlights the potential of metamemory measures as sensitive tools to understand affective processes that occur in both healthy and pathological aging, independent of memory ability.

in Hippocampus on 2026-04-20 04:11:36 UTC.

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The Dentate Gyrus Grows Throughout Life Despite Turnover of Developmentally‐Born Neurons

ABSTRACT

Adult-born hippocampal neurons are highly plastic but there remains uncertainty about the magnitude of neurogenesis and its long-term functional consequences. Theoretical predictions indicate that adult neurogenesis should lead to substantial growth of the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell population. However, in practice, most studies find no changes in total cell number across adulthood. This discrepancy may partly be a sensitivity issue, where small sample sizes and the examination of older age windows (when neurogenesis is reduced) have prevented detection. However, neurogenic growth could also be masked by the turnover of developmentally-born DG neurons, which are known to die off in normal aging. To address the question of how neuronal birth and loss impacts DG population dynamics, here we quantified numbers of developmentally-born neurons, proliferating Ki67+ cells (as a proxy for adult-born neurons), and total DG neurons from 2–18 months of age in the rat. We estimate that over this timeframe 670,000 adult-born neurons are added (30% of the total population). Consistent with neurogenic growth, the total number of DG neurons increased across adulthood. However, net growth was only 385,000 cells, which is less than predicted by adult neurogenesis alone. Indeed, 20% of developmentally-born neurons were lost over the same interval, and so we propose that the difference is explained by neuronal turnover. Neuronal persistence and turnover may be relevant for theories of hippocampal long-term memory, as well as for understanding psychiatric conditions that are characterized by hippocampal plasticity and atrophy.

in Hippocampus on 2026-04-20 04:09:34 UTC.

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Machine learning approaches to uncover the neural mechanisms of motivated behaviour: from ADHD to individual differences in effort and reward sensitivity

in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Seeing the imagined: a latent functional alignment in visual imagery decoding from fMRI data

in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Role of chloride concentration in modulating seizure transitions in excitatory and inhibitory networks

in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Considering a generative mechanism of consciousness from the perspective of inter-level causation

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Neuromorphic Parameter Estimation for Power Converter Health Monitoring Using Spiking Neural Networks

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Frenetic Cat-inspired Particle Optimization: a Markov state-switching hybrid swarm optimizer with application to cardiac digital twinning

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Combining Convolution and Delay Learning in Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Sequential KV Cache Compression via Probabilistic Language Tries: Beyond the Per-Vector Shannon Limit

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Beyond Single-Model Optimization: Preserving Plasticity in Continual Reinforcement Learning

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Why Fine-Tuning Encourages Hallucinations and How to Fix It

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Enhancing Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization for Hypergraph-Modeled Influence Maximization

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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ECG-Lens: Benchmarking ML & DL Models on PTB-XL Dataset

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Prototype-Grounded Concept Models for Verifiable Concept Alignment

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Scalable Multi-Task Learning through Spiking Neural Networks with Adaptive Task-Switching Policy for Intelligent Autonomous Agents

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Conserved active information

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Beyond LLMs, Sparse Distributed Memory, and Neuromorphics

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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HiPreNets: High-Precision Neural Networks through Progressive Training

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Selectivity and Shape in the Design of Forward-Forward Goodness Functions

in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-04-20 04:00:00 UTC.

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Thrilling, frivolous, a waste: not everyone’s happy about the Artemis II Moon mission

Nature, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01262-9

in Nature on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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What does the future hold for the thawing Arctic?

Nature, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01258-5

in Nature on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Strong ultrafast nonlinear optical response from megaelectronvolt electrons in semiconductors

Nature Photonics, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41566-026-01894-3

in Nature Photomics on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Prediction and functional interpretation of inter-chromosomal genome architecture from DNA sequence with TwinC

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72031-5

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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TENT5C extends Odf1 poly(A) tail to sustain sperm morphogenesis and fertility

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71953-4

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Vertically stacked immobilized photocatalyst devices towards land-efficient solar hydrogen production

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71947-2

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Comprehensive assessment of transcriptome assembly quality using CATS

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72171-8

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Author Correction: Emergent patterns of patchiness differ between physical and planktonic properties in the ocean

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71994-9

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Janus structure breaks the solar incidence angular constraint insu photothermal anti-icing

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72087-3

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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T-cell mesenchymal transition represents a potential pathogenic mechanism of female cancer-related lymphedema

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72023-5

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Structural basis of QueC-family protein function in qatABCD anti-phage defense

Nature Communications, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72155-8

in Nature Communications on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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A reference genome assembly of Pteropus pselaphon

Scientific Data, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07245-9

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Chromosome-level Genome assembly and annotation of the Chirolophis japonicus

Scientific Data, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07264-6

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Vegetation type conversion in Northeast China under permafrost change

Communications Biology, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10046-w

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Wavelength-dependent sleep state manipulation using light pulses in Pogona vitticeps

Communications Biology, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10024-2

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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MCT4 deficiency suppresses tumor incidence and metastasis by downregulating IGF1 expression and enhancing anti-tumor immunity

Communications Biology, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10002-8

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Taking the biology seriously makes models better

in eLife on 2026-04-20 00:00:00 UTC.

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Bringing to Light of a Nonrandom Choice of the Number of Letters, Words, and Stichs in Genesis 1–3 and Jeremiah 50–51, and Its Applications to the Approximate Reconstruction of an Hyperarchetype [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 06:19:12 UTC.

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Case Report: Integrative Multiomics to Establish Pathogenicity of novel GBE1 R198T Variant [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 06:03:31 UTC.

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The Effect of Prehabilitation, Perioperative, and Postoperative Physiotherapy on Postoperative Outcomes in Adults Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 06:00:13 UTC.

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Mapping Virtual Reality Research in Science Education: A Systematic and Bibliometric Review with Implications for Ethnoscience Research [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:57:43 UTC.

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Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention in Local Food Tourism: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:54:32 UTC.

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Designing a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) System Using Blockchain Technology: A Case Study in Italian Chaizlonat  Furniture Exhibition / Baghdad [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:50:43 UTC.

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Dynamics of Body Mass Index and Serum Albumin Levels Before and After the Intensive Phase of Tuberculosis Treatment [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:47:23 UTC.

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Bioinformatic identification of abiotic stress tolerance genes in actinomycetes isolated from Lomas Cerro Campana, Peru [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:42:58 UTC.

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Khmer–Vietnamese Bilingual Education for Ethnic Minority Primary Students in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta: Exploring Influential Factors [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:08:43 UTC.

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Contemporary global research cultures: results from a global survey about research conditions [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:06:02 UTC.

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How Anterior Crossbite Severity Relates to Appearance-Based Bullying in School-Age Children: Evidence from the ROMA Index [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 05:02:49 UTC.

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An Integrated Pedagogical–Technical Framework for Deep Learning in Vocational Education and Training: A Systematic Review [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:58:51 UTC.

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Comparison between the protective effect of applying sodium fluoride varnish alone and applying CO2 laser with it in permanent teeth.  In Vitro study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:48:20 UTC.

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The Role of Smart Manufacturing in Supporting Production Flexibility in Light of Market and Demand Fluctuations [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:37:05 UTC.

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Students’ perceptions of online learning and their impact on deep learning and proactive decision-making in higher education [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:34:28 UTC.

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AI-Integrated Counseling Administration Quality and Organizational Support as Drivers of Early Risk Detection in Indonesian Schools [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:30:51 UTC.

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Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:27:11 UTC.

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Dermofat Graft Implantation in Post-Axillary Dissection Defects for Lymphatic Regeneration, Lymphedema Prevention and Reconstruction in Breast Cancer: A Case Series [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 04:21:34 UTC.

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Comparison Of Clinical Stadium Changes And Immunologic Parameter Of Adult HIV patients With Dolutegravir And Efavirenz Based Antiretroviral Therapy [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 03:40:15 UTC.

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Knowledge of research misconduct amid North-African post-graduate dental students: A cross sectional study [version 6; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 3 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 03:30:14 UTC.

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Case Report: Improved Oxygenation after One Lung Ventilation in Severe Cardiomegaly due to Cor Pulmonale; analysis with Heart-Lung Interaction Approach [version 4; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 03:17:52 UTC.

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Religiosity of Indonesian Muslim as affected by Islamic religious education and other factors: A meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 03:12:55 UTC.

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Articulator Zeroing on Condylar Guidance Values: A Comparative Study of Hanau and Artex Systems [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 03:00:46 UTC.

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Oral Health–Related Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Implant Rehabilitation Using CAS Kit–Assisted Indirect Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: A Cross-Sectional Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 02:55:12 UTC.

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Case Report: Ovarian Dysgerminoma in a Male Patient with Ambiguous Genitalia: A Case Report [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 02:43:22 UTC.

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“Financing the Climate Transition: Green Finance, Policy Uncertainty, and Corporate Environmental Performance in Emerging Markets” [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 02:09:05 UTC.

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Health Literacy as A Determinant of Treatment Success in Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 02:07:58 UTC.

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Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety in patients with chronic kidney disease [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 02:01:33 UTC.

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The Relationship Between Uric Acid Level and Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 01:57:46 UTC.

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Developing and testing an optimised implementation model to improve coverage of India’s national anaemia reduction programme among pregnant women in India: A hybrid type II effectiveness-implementation study. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 01:42:30 UTC.

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Medibot AI: a web-based software tool integrating Gemini API for informational over-the-counter medication guidance [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-19 01:31:57 UTC.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis long-chain fatty acid resistome reveals universal stress protein TB15.3 as essential for infection

Communications Biology, Published online: 19 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10075-5

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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BAX-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane rupture in cochlear hair cells facilitates cisplatin ototoxicity

Communications Biology, Published online: 19 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10080-8

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Astrocytes mediate the pro-cognitive value of α7nAChRs and of α7nAChR-targeting therapeutics

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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A collicular-hypothalamic pathway for social visual awareness

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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TREM2 deficiency causes region-specific brain effects in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Frontal Brain Injury Reduces Sensitivity to Reward-Predictive Cues and Remodels the Nucleus Accumbens

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Highly replicable multisite patterns of adolescent white matter maturation

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Hippocampal representations differentiate reactive and anticipatory responses during foraging under threat

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Systemic injection of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 disrupts reward-related behaviors in mice.

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Chemical Genetic Screen Identifies PSD3 as a Direct Substrate of NUAK1 that Regulates Dendritic Spine Maturation

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-19 00:00:00 UTC.

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Tailored Sports Food Exchange Lists for Lebanese Athletes: Nutrient-Based Categorization of Commercial Products sold in Lebanese Markets [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 18:38:17 UTC.

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Relationship Between KRAS Gene Mutation Status and Clinicopathological Features of Colorectal Cancer Patients in Makassar [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 18:32:56 UTC.

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Towards Protecting the Injured Party from Errors and Hallucinations of Artificial Intelligence: A Contemporary Legal Perspective [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 18:27:56 UTC.

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Prenatal training module (PTM) with newborn simulation model to enhance primipara mother’s knowledge and skill on newborn care in Lower-Middle-Income Setting: A quasi-experimental study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 16:21:10 UTC.

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A Hybrid Approach to Evaluate Business Efficiency, Profitability, and Market Valuation: An Empirical Validation [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 15:20:33 UTC.

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Analyzing Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Geometry Learning through Augmented Reality: An Evaluation Using the Technology Acceptance Model. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 15:06:26 UTC.

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Psychological interventions for reducing non-cardiac Emergency Department Re-presentations – A study protocol for Randomized Controlled Trial. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:59:18 UTC.

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Gene and genotype frequencies of color blindness in Basrah population [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:55:43 UTC.

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Optimal Design of Ring Footing on Reinforced Sandy Soil under Eccentric-Inclined Loads [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:53:01 UTC.

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Selective Infiltration Etching as a surface modification for high-translucency zirconia: Comparative analysis of roughness, composition, and bond strength [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:44:46 UTC.

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Fixed-point Acceleration Algorithm of Total Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings [version 3; peer review: 1 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:38:58 UTC.

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Thermal carbonization of woody biomass under inert atmosphere with temperature-dependent switching of catalytic effects of Cu and Ti [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:31:15 UTC.

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Establishing Population-Specific Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Reference Intervals for Syrians: An Age- and Sex-Stratified Analysis Using Indirect Method [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:23:42 UTC.

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Development and validation of two physical exercise programmes to prevent hospital-associated disability in older adults during hospitalisation: Protocol for two Delphi studies. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:21:16 UTC.

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Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Improving Progression-Free Survival Among Low Grade Glioma: A Systematic Review and Survival Network Meta-Analysis [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 12:17:57 UTC.

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The Concentration-Fragility Nexus: Early-Warning Systems and Portfolio Implications in Concentrated Markets [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 11:53:08 UTC.

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Glycemic control predicts the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in diabetic neuropathy patients with a diabetic duration of at least 5 years: A cross-sectional study [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 11:52:56 UTC.

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Enhancing biogas production from co-digestion of organic wastes mixed with cattle manure using rumen fluid and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate MUTJ0F [version 3; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 11:47:55 UTC.

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Greenspace exposure and associated health outcomes: an updated systematic review of reviews [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 11:40:25 UTC.

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Correlating the Densities of Hunter-schreger Bands With Function and Surfaces of Teeth: A Micrometric Analysis [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 11:28:31 UTC.

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Nursing and medical students' attitudes and perceptions towards interprofessional education during clinical training in Uganda [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 10:29:23 UTC.

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Early initiation of thyroid hormone therapy versus watchful waiting or delayed treatment or no treatment in subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 10:18:30 UTC.

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Frequency of dentoalveolar trauma in high-performance athletes: a systematic review in multi-sport events in Latin America [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 10:00:51 UTC.

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The impact of social marketing practices in promoting digital etiquette: a descriptive and analytical study on a sample of Fallujah University students [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 09:56:25 UTC.

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Factors Influencing Mobile app adoption among older adults: An Explorative Qualitative Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-18 09:49:15 UTC.

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Use of Machine Learning to Identify Markers of Risk for Fragile X‐Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome: A Preliminary Analysis

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine whether machine learning has the capacity to prospectively identify and predict the emergence of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) among male fragile X premutation carriers (PCs).

Methods

We explored neuropsychological and motor evaluation metrics, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and health metrics in 103 male participants (72 PCs, mean = 60.4 years at enrollment) and 31 healthy controls (HCs; mean = 57.8 years at enrollment) across a total of 299 visits to identify optimal FXTAS risk markers. We compared different machine learning model and feature selection method combinations to identify the best features and models for (a) identifying patients with FXTAS and (b) for predicting which individuals were likely to later develop FXTAS in the study to date. Using an optimal set of features (including age, psychological symptoms, executive function and motor measures, IQ, body mass index (BMI), and structural brain measurements), we developed random forest binary classifiers for the 2 tasks. We split the dataset randomly into multiple different train and test splits and observed the average classification performance metrics across all the splits.

Results

The models showed promising ability to identify and pre-emptively predict the emergence of FXTAS and achieved a reasonable balance between precision and recall. Accumulation of body fat (BMI), executive function weaknesses, slower reaction time and dexterity, and mental health changes, are clinical factors that may significantly increase a carrier's risk. Structural brain MRI measurements significantly added to the predictive power of the models.

Interpretation

These results suggest that machine learning has the potential to inform prediction of risk for FXTAS early, enabling better planning, timely interventions, and provision of necessary care. ANN NEUROL 2026

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-18 05:22:01 UTC.

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Movement-stabilized three-dimensional optical recordings of membrane potential changes and calcium dynamics in hippocampal CA1 dendrites

in Neuron: In press on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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A bone-derived hormone permits rapid visual escape via GPR37 receptor in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons

in Neuron: In press on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Magnetic muon measurements and gene-therapy advances win US$3 million Breakthrough prizes

Nature, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01014-9

in Nature on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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High-Density EEG and Multi-Muscle EMG Dataset during Object Prehension with a sensorized Grasping Box in Humans

Scientific Data, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07242-y

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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A seventeen-year soil analysis dataset for ecosystem management

Scientific Data, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07254-8

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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A large-scale fMRI dataset for vision-language semantic association

Scientific Data, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07248-6

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Global Soil Water Stable Isotope Dataset

Scientific Data, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07262-8

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Spectral Quantum Chemistry and Infrared Resonance Library for Data-Driven Molecular Spectroscopy

Scientific Data, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07240-0

in Nature scientific data on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Integrative structural analysis of the human LRP2–LRPAP1 complex reveals multiple regulatory sites

Communications Biology, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09996-y

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Data-driven mouse motor thalamus model reveals topography and spatial weight scaling govern spindle dynamics

Communications Biology, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10032-2

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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In vivo activities of E1 elements in the insulin promoter

Communications Biology, Published online: 18 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10084-4

in Nature communications biology on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Deep FLASH-seq profiling of purified canine sensory neurons uncovers species-specific signatures relevant to pain and itch

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Broadband gamma-band EEG changes during magnetophosphene perception induced by 20 Hz magnetic field stimulation

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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Whole-fingertip 3D Skin Surface Deformation under Tangential Loading

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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The Signal Generating (SiGn) fMRI Phantom

in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-04-18 00:00:00 UTC.

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A phase-field model for vesicle membranes incorporating area-difference elasticity

by Yihong Liang, Emine Celiker, Ping Lin

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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‘Backpropagation and the brain’ realized in cortical error neuron microcircuits

by Kevin Max, Ismael Jaras, Arno Granier, Katharina A. Wilmes, Mihai A. Petrovici

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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Double-CRISPR Knockout Simulation (DKOsim): A Monte-Carlo randomization system to model cell growth behavior and infer the optimal library design for growth-based double knockout screens

by Yue Gu, Traver Hart, Luis Leon-Novelo, John Paul Shen

in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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Neural population dynamics and temporal context cells in macaque medial parietal cortex support temporal order memory

by Shuzhen Zuo, Chenyu Wang, Lei Wang, Zhiyong Jin, Xufeng Zhou, Ning Su, Jianhua Liu, Thomas J. McHugh, Makoto Kusunoki, Sze Chai Kwok

in PLoS Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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Somatosensory input drives membrane potential dynamics in motor cortex during voluntary limb movement

by Birgit C. Voigt, Florian Rau, Luc Estebanez, James F. A. Poulet

in PLoS Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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New transcription signals in SARS-CoV-2 reshape virus–host interactions

by Isabel Sola, Sonia Zuñiga

in PLoS Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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Circadian clock gates diurnal glucose utilization

by Yao D. Cai, Joanna C. Chiu

in PLoS Biology on 2026-04-17 14:00:00 UTC.

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Sex‐ and Male‐Morph‐Specific Variation in Brain Mass and Cell Number Scaling in Solitary Centris pallida (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Bees

We counted the number of cells in bees’ brains. Female C. pallida bees have more neurons in their brains overall than males. Small male morph bees had fewer cells and reduced densities in the visual input brain regions than large morph males, despite specializing on sight to find mates.

ABSTRACT

Intraspecific variation in behavior is associated with variable brain resource allocation patterns: There is frequently increased tissue investment in discrete regions that support fitness-relevant cognitive abilities. However, the relationships between tissue volume and actual cell numbers have rarely been explored for insects due to methodological hurdles recently addressed via the application of isotropic fractionation. In solitary desert Centris pallida (Hymenoptera: Apidae) bees, there are two major levels of intraspecific variation: sex (males vs. females) and male morph (as a result of alternative reproductive tactics, large morph and small morph males rely on scent or sight, respectively, for mate location). Using isotropic fractionation, we separately analyzed optic lobe (OL) and central brain (CB) cell numbers of males and females to determine the impacts of sex and morph on brain cell allometry. Female bees’ brains were bigger and had higher cell numbers and cell densities than males of the same size. In both sexes, total brain cell number increased with brain size, driven by increases in OL cell numbers. Between male morphs, we found that OL masses were relatively larger in small-morph males, consistent with the relationship between body size and OL volumes reported in prior studies. However, small-morph C. pallida males had fewer total cells (as represented by cell nuclei) and reduced cell density, in their OLs. Together, these data suggest that there is intraspecific and brain-region-specific variation in brain cell numbers and that variation in brain tissue volume may not match other levels of neural organization like brain cell numbers/densities.

in Journal of Comparative Neurology on 2026-04-17 12:39:55 UTC.

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Illuminating diagnostic pathways: study protocol for a prospective observational study comparing inflammoscopy and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermoscopy with histopathology in cutaneous lichen planus. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 11:31:39 UTC.

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Self-trapping of microorganisms steering toward their own trail

Author(s): Aymeric Lutier, Jean-Baptiste Fournier, and Frédéric van Wijland

Active matter systems comprise self-propelled particles that move on a substrate while leaving chemical trails that influence other particles through chemotaxis (e.g., slime-depositing bacteria). Orientational chemotaxis manifests as a torque that steers the particle toward the chemical gradient. As…

[Phys. Rev. E 113, 044413] Published Fri Apr 17, 2026

in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2026-04-17 10:00:00 UTC.

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Perfect adaptation in eukaryotic gradient sensing using cooperative allosteric binding

Author(s): Vishnu Srinivasan, Wei Wang (汪巍), and Brian A. Camley

This study introduces a theoretical model explaining how eukaryotic cells can achieve perfect adaptation in chemical gradient sensing through cooperative allosteric regulation of receptor activity.

#AdvancingField #BiophysicsSpotlight

[Phys. Rev. E 113, 044414] Published Fri Apr 17, 2026

in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2026-04-17 10:00:00 UTC.

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The Role of Corporate Political Activity in Shaping Organizational Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 09:23:11 UTC.

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When Writing Becomes a Barrier: Teachers’ Perspectives on Recognising Dysgraphia in Children [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 09:06:39 UTC.

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Longitudinal Phenotypic Trajectories in GNAO1‐Related Disorders: Defining Disease Progression and Clinical Profiles

Objective

Pathogenic variants in GNAO1 cause a spectrum of epilepsy, movement disorders, and developmental impairment. Clinical heterogeneity complicates prognosis and therapeutic development. We present the first longitudinal natural history study of GNAO1-related disorders (GNAO1-RD) to delineate phenotypic trajectories.

Methods

Sixty-six individuals with GNAO1-RD were included in a cross-sectional analysis. Of these, 21 were enrolled in a prospective natural history arm (March 2021–December 2024), undergoing annual standardized evaluations with validated clinical scales to monitor phenotypic progression.

Results

Our cohort exhibited broad phenotypic and severity variability. GNAO1-RD severity scores ranged from 0.5 to 13. Neurodevelopmental impairment varied: 45.5% lacked head control, whereas 22.7% achieved independent walking; and 65% had no expressive language. Movement disorders were nearly universal (95.5%), with dyskinetic crises in 54.5%. Epilepsy affected 51.5%, with different seizure types. Individuals carrying recurrent variants showed consistent phenotypes and severity, supporting a genotype–phenotype correlation reinforced by molecular functional data. Molecular functional analysis for 20 of 31 missense variants correlated with severity scores. Longitudinal data from 21 patients in the natural history cohort showed overall stability or mild improvement across most functional domains. No significant deterioration was observed in global severity, motor function, cognition, or quality of life. However, severe patients experienced progressive worsening of movement disorder.

Interpretation

This largest GNAO1-RD cohort and first longitudinal natural history study provide insights into disease progression. GNAO1-RD generally follows a non-degenerative course, showing stability or mild improvements over time in cognition, language, adaptive skills, and motor function. Importantly, although global severity scores remained stable overall, severe cases showed cumulative functional burden driven by progressive movement disorder, rather than global neurodegeneration. Mortality occurred in a subset of patients because of complications from dyskinetic crises, infections, and epilepsy-related events. Genotype–phenotype data and the GNAO1-RD severity score support early risk stratification and personalized treatment development. ANN NEUROL 2026

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-17 08:49:23 UTC.

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S-Pseudo Bounded Radical of Submodules [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:49:12 UTC.

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Bioprospecting efforts in the Coral Triangle: A global marine biodiversity hotspot for drug discovery [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:45:53 UTC.

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Digitalisation, Green Finance, and Innovation for Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from BRICS+T Economies [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:39:21 UTC.

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Renoprotective Effects of Montelukast in Sepsis-Induced AKI: Targeting the NF-κB Pathway [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:34:55 UTC.

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Expression status transition of NOTCH1 accompanies chromatin remodeling in human early retinal progenitor cells [version 4; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:28:36 UTC.

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Multimodal Image Guidance in Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease

Objective

Accurate electrode placement and individual stimulation parameters influence the outcomes of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimaging-based models can help evaluate how electrode placement impacts improvement, aiming to reduce the burden of programming. However, most existing models have been developed to explain differences between patients rather than differences between contacts within the same patient, leaving the clinical relevance of image-guided programming unclear.

Methods

We analyzed data from patients with Parkinson's disease treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation to develop and validate a neuroimaging-informed model of motor improvement measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale. Five approaches were tested: active contact coordinates, electric fields, tract activations, as well as structural and functional networks. All approaches were integrated into a combined ridge regression model and validated using 2 hold-out datasets.

Results

The sample included 236 patients (604 stimulation sites), divided into a training cohort (N = 129), a retrospective validation cohort (N = 89), and a prospectively acquired validation cohort (N = 21 electrodes). Consistent with expectations, our model explained approximately 12% of the variance in unseen group-level data (R ² = 0.12, p = 0.001). At the individual level, the model identified the optimal clinical contact or its neighboring contact in all but one case (mixed-effects R ² = 0.31, p = 3.67 × 10⁻¹⁰).

Interpretation

An imaging-informed model explained the expected variance at the group level and demonstrated potential for guiding stimulation programming, suggesting that image-guided approaches may improve clinical decision making while reducing the need for lengthy postoperative testing. ANN NEUROL 2026

in Annals of Neurology on 2026-04-17 08:24:57 UTC.

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Evaluation of the Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles on Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:21:12 UTC.

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Neutrosophic Extension of the New Odd Weibull-Inverse Weibull Distribution: Theory and Applications [version 4; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 08:13:04 UTC.

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New Class of S-Pseudo Bounded Modules With Some Related Concepts [version 2; peer review: 1 not approved]

in F1000Research on 2026-04-17 07:57:50 UTC.

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Revealing the bond exchange and network rearrangement mechanism in vitrimers

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Healthy donor T cell receptors expand functional neoantigen recognition beyond patient vaccination

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Mesoglea biogenesis reveals a cryptic aboral valve for pressure regulation in cnidarian morphogenesis

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Molecular basis of CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligand multispecificity

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Historical and contemporary genomes of an endangered rodent reveal shifts in environmentally associated genes

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Noncovalent through-space charge transfer enables efficient and stable blue electroluminescence

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Synthetic control of implanted engineered liver tissue growth

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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A TIEGCM-based inversion model for ionosphere-thermosphere parameters driven by three-dimensional electron density

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Seasonal bromate formation in the Arctic snowpack: Implications for the bromine biogeochemical cycle

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Fingerprinting organic molecules for the inverse design of two-dimensional hybrid perovskites with target energetics

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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High-gradient magnetic separation chip–based small extracellular vesicle isolation for noninvasive subtyping of primary aldosteronism

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Discovery of actinators, actin-derived bioactive peptides that modulate cytoskeleton and actin-related cellular activities

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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From spacecraft ranging to massive DNA data storage: Composite ranging codes as indices and error correction references

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Quantum-informed machine learning for predicting spatiotemporal chaos with practical quantum advantage

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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A weakened diurnal weather constraint leads to longer burning hours in North America

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Macrocycle-based covalent organic networks for ultrafast sub–1-Å precision ion sieving

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Cryo-EM structure of shutdown human nonmuscle myosin 2A

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Ultrafast optical gating in a nonlinear lithium niobate microcavity

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Moisture-driven, self-powered noncontact sensing interfaces via turbulence-tailored hygroelectronic effect

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Multifunctional ionic thermoelectric elastomer enhanced by Le Chatlier principle in synergistic supramolecular hydrogen bonding system

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Distinct mechanisms decommission redundant enhancers to facilitate phenotypic evolution

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with entangled photons and time- and frequency-resolved two-photon coincidence detection

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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PATCH: A deep learning method to assess heterogeneity of artistic practice in historical paintings

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.

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Direct generation of massive vector-mode entanglement from a polarization-insensitive optical amplifier

in Science Advances on 2026-04-17 07:00:00 UTC.