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The complete chloroplast genome of Dianthus helenae, an endemic species with medicinal potential from the Nuratau Range, Uzbekistan [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Dianthus helenae Vved. is an endemic medicinal species of the Nuratau Mountains, Uzbekistan, and its genomic resources have remained largely unavailable. In this study, we sequenced, assembled, and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of D. helenae and evaluated its phylogenetic position within Dianthus. The plastome exhibited a typical circular quadripartite structure with a total length of 149,567 bp, comprising a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,856 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,105 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,804 bp each. The genome contained the typical set of chloroplast genes, including protein-coding genes, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, with duplicated genes located in the IR regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genome sequences strongly supported the placement of D. helenae within Dianthus and recovered it as a distinct lineage relative to other sampled species. Sliding window analysis of nucleotide diversity revealed uneven sequence variation across the plastome, with higher variability in the SSC and LSC regions than in the IRs. Several highly variable loci, including trnK-UUU , rps16–trnQ-UUG , rpl32, ycf1, and ndh-associated regions, were identified as potential molecular markers. These results provide an important genomic resource for Dianthus and establish a foundation for future phylogenetic, taxonomic, conservation, and molecular identification studies of this endemic Central Asian species.in F1000Research on 2026-05-13 07:04:55 UTC.
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Beyond Push-Pull: Emotional Ambivalence and Digital Networks in Nigerian Teachers’ Migration Intentions [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Abstract* Background Why do skilled professionals in struggling systems dream of leaving yet hesitate to go? Migration research often answers with push-pull models, treating decisions as rational responses to negative and positive factors. This paper aims to move beyond push-pull explanations by exploring how Nigerian secondary school teachers experience relocation intentions; what pushes them toward relocation, and what they prioritise; and the motivations and deterrents that create ambivalence. Method The study draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 22 public and private secondary school teachers across five Nigerian states to show how relocation intentions are formed in the space between hope and guilt, and how platforms like WhatsApp and YouTube shape those intentions in deeply social ways. Results The study finds that teachers experience relocation as a conflicted process—they dream of escape but feel rooted; they scroll through job adverts abroad while worrying about students left behind. Importantly, professional development matters more to them than salary alone, challenging the assumption that skilled migration is driven purely by economic gain. Conclusion By moving beyond push-pull, the study argues that migration intentions are forged in emotional ambivalence, mediated through digital networks, and shaped by the desire for professional recognition. The findings have implications for migration theory and for policy debates on teacher retention, particularly in contexts where digital connectivity increasingly mediates perceptions of opportunity and belonging.in F1000Research on 2026-05-13 06:59:16 UTC.
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Explainable AI (XAI) for Competency Assessment: Bridging Primary Education Outcomes and Vocational Skill Readiness [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Ensuring that educational outcomes translate into workforce readiness remains a major challenge, particularly in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Increasing evidence suggests that vocational skill gaps originate from uneven foundational competencies developed during primary education. At the same time, the growing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in educational assessment raises concerns regarding transparency and interpretability. This study develops and empirically examines an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)–based competency assessment framework that bridges primary education outcomes and vocational skill readiness in a transparent and pedagogically meaningful manner Method A quantitative explanatory design was employed using competency data from 612 learners. Primary education competencies—literacy, numeracy, problem-solving, self-regulation, collaboration, motivation, and creativity—were modeled to predict vocational skill readiness. Multiple machine learning models were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. A Random Forest Regressor was selected based on superior predictive performance. Explainability was achieved using SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) to generate global and local interpretations of model outputs. Results The Random Forest model explained 76% of the variance in vocational skill readiness (R2 = 0.76), outperforming baseline models. Global SHAP analysis identified problem-solving and self-regulation as the strongest predictors, followed by literacy and collaboration. Local SHAP decomposition revealed compensatory competency patterns, indicating that strengths in transversal skills can offset weaknesses in other domains. These explainable insights enable early identification of skill gaps and differentiated intervention strategies. Conclusion Vocational readiness is a longitudinal construct shaped by foundational competencies developed in primary education. Integrating XAI with competency-based assessment enhances transparency, supports ethical AI use, and enables cross-level curriculum alignment, contributing to sustainable workforce development.in F1000Research on 2026-05-13 06:50:29 UTC.
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Case Report: Multiple complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with perforation and spilled gallstones [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]
Abstract Introduction Perforation of the gallbladder is a benign and common complication during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, it may result in stone spilling, which potentially can lead to serious postoperative complications. Case report A 70-year-old male underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The procedure was complicated by perforation of the gallbladder and spilling of gallstones. More than a year after the procedure, the patient developed subcutaneous abscesses containing some of the spilled stones, a computed tomography revealed a complex intraabdominal and intrathoracic fistula with communication from the abdominal cavity to pleura and ultrasonic imaging found a lost gallstone in the thorax. After two years, the patient developed pleural empyema and sepsis secondary to the condition. Presently, the patient awaits surgery for the fistula and empyema. Conclusion Proper care should be taken to avoid stone spilling during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, if perforation and stone spilling occur, all visible stones should be removed during the procedure and the complication should be noted in the medical records. Furthermore, the patient should be thoroughly informed. This may help accelerate diagnosis if the patient later suffers from a complication related to lost stones.in F1000Research on 2026-05-13 06:43:50 UTC.
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Daily‐Life, Sensor‐Derived Tremor Measures Are Sensitive to Progression in Early Parkinson's Disease
Objective
Sensitive outcome measures are critical for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we assess the sensitivity to change of sensor-derived daily-life tremor measures over 2 years in unmedicated and medicated persons with early PD.
Methods
We used 2-year continuous wrist sensor data (median wear time: 22 hours/day) from the Personalized Parkinson Project (n = 462 medicated; n = 78 unmedicated at baseline), in combination with annual clinical evaluations of tremor severity. From the gyroscope data, we derived previously validated weekly measures for tremor time and power, which were smoothed over time using piecewise linear trend estimation. One- and 2-year standardized response means (SRMs) were computed to compare the sensitivity to change between the sensor-derived tremor measures and clinical tremor scores.
Results
In unmedicated participants with tremor, sensor-derived tremor measures demonstrated a high sensitivity to progression (2-year SRMs ranged from 0.67 to 1.09), which was significantly larger than clinical tremor scores (2-year SRMs ranged from 0.21 to 0.41). In medicated participants, sensor-derived tremor time decreased (2-year SRM of −0.18), which was associated with both an increase in dopaminergic medication dose and higher disease duration. In contrast, the sensor-derived tremor power measures and clinical rest tremor scores (measured in the OFF state) increased slightly (2-year SRMs ranging from 0.11 to 0.27).
Interpretation
Before initiation of symptomatic treatment, sensor-derived daily-life tremor measures are substantially more sensitive to progression than clinical tremor scores, making them a promising tool to evaluate the efficacy of disease-modifying treatments in early PD. ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-13 06:00:01 UTC.
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Internally triggered retrospective learning in neural networks
arXiv:2605.10994v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Learning in artificial neural networks usually relies on continuous, externally driven weight updates, in which parameters are modified at every step in response to incoming data, error signals or reward feedback. In this setting, routine and informative inputs contribute similarly to parameter adjustment. We introduce a learning approach in which parameter updates are governed by internally generated events arising from the network own representational dynamics. During ongoing activity, synaptic interactions are accumulated as latent traces encoding recent coactivation patterns, without immediately modifying the underlying parameters. In parallel, an internal predictive process estimates the evolving latent state, while a scalar measure of discrepancy between predicted and observed states is continuously computed. When discrepancy exceeds an adaptive threshold derived from recent error statistics, a learning event is triggered, inducing a retrospective update selectively integrating past activity into the current configuration. We performed simulations using a minimal neural network exposed to structured sequential inputs with transient perturbations. We found that learning occurs through sparse, temporally localized events associated with increases in prediction error, leading to stepwise changes in synaptic efficacy and discrete transitions in latent state organization. By selectively reorganizing parameters in response to internally detected discrepancies, our episodic updating may reduce unnecessary parameter drift while preserving informative patterns. Potential applications include systems requiring selective adaptation to rare or informative inputs such as physiological, industrial or environmental monitoring, edge computing under limited energy budgets, autonomous systems operating in dynamic conditions and sequential computational data processing.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Empirical scaling laws in balanced networks with conductance-based synapses
arXiv:2605.12404v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Strongly coupled, recurrent, balanced network models have been successful in describing and predicting many phenomena observed in cortical neural recordings. However, most balanced network models use current-based synapse models in place of more realistic, conductance-based models. Conductance-based synapse models predict unrealistically small membrane potential variability. On the other hand, introducing realistic levels of spike time correlations to models with current-based synapses predicts unrealistically large membrane potential variability. We use computer simulations to show that these two effects can cancel: Recurrent network models with conductance-based synapses and spike time correlations produce more realistic, moderate levels of membrane potential variability. Consistent with recent work on feedforward networks, our results show that including more realistic modeling assumptions produces more realistic dynamics, but only if when two modeling assumptions are included together.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Letting the neural code speak: Automated characterization of monkey visual neurons through human language
arXiv:2605.12485v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Understanding what individual neurons encode is a core question in neuroscience. In primary visual cortex (V1), mathematical models (e.g., Gabor functions) capture neural selectivity, but no comparable framework exists for higher areas. We show that natural language can fill this role: across macaque V1 and V4, the selectivity of most neurons is captured by concise, verifiable semantic descriptions. Using digital twins of V1 and V4, we develop a closed-loop framework that translates each neuron's high- and low-activating images into dense captions, generates a semantic hypothesis and synthesized images, and verifies the hypothesis in silico. Descriptions range from oriented edges and spatial frequency in V1 to conjunctions of form, color, and texture in V4. In V4, images generated from activating and suppressing hypotheses drove 96.1% of neurons above the 95th and 97.6% below the 5th percentile of natural-image responses, respectively (vs. ~10\% for random images); V1 activation results matched V4, while V1 suppression was less describable in language. Representational similarity analysis reveals partial alignment between neural activity, vision embeddings, and language embeddings, with vision most aligned to neural activity; alignment lost in the text bottleneck is recovered when hypotheses are rendered back into images, showing that linguistic compression is lossy yet semantically faithful. Together, these results show that combining generative models with neural digital twins enables interpretable, testable descriptions of neural function at scale, toward agentic scientific discovery.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Interpretable EEG Microstate Discovery via Variational Deep Embedding: A Systematic Architecture Search with Multi-Quadrant Evaluation
arXiv:2605.10947v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: EEG microstate analysis segments continuous brain electrical activity into brief, quasi-stable topographic configurations that reflect discrete functional brain states. Conventional approaches such as Modified K-Means operate directly in electrode space with hard assignment, offering no learned latent representation, no generative decoder, and no mechanism to decode latent configurations into verifiable scalp topographies, limiting both model transparency and interpretability. To address this, we present a Convolutional Variational Deep Embedding (Conv-VaDE) model that jointly learns topographic reconstruction and probabilistic soft clustering in a shared latent space. Conv-VaDE enables generative decoding of cluster prototypes into verifiable scalp topographies, replacing opaque hard partitioning with probabilistic soft assignment. A polarity invariance scheme and a four-dimensional grid search over cluster count (K from 3 to 20), latent dimensionality, network depth, and channel width are conducted to systematically reveal how each architectural design choice shapes the quality, stability, and interpretability of learned EEG microstate representations. The model is evaluated on the LEMON resting-state eyes-closed EEG dataset with ten participants using topographic template formation, clustering stability, and global explained variance (GEV). The architecture search reveals that depth L = 4 appears consistently across all 18 best-performing configurations, yielding a best-case GEV of 0.730 and a silhouette of 0.229 at K = 4 across the model sweeps, where moderately deep networks with compact channel widths and small latent dimensionality dominate across the full K range. These results establish that principled architecture search, rather than model scale, is the key to interpretable and stable EEG microstate discovery via variational deep embedding.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Accounting for Missed Events in the Bayesian Modeling of IP3R Multimodal Gating
arXiv:2605.11675v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channel (IP 3 R) is an important calcium channel involved in calcium-induced calcium release, playing a prominent role in intracellular calcium signaling. However, accurately characterizing its gating behavior remains a challenge, particularly due to the temporal resolution of patch clamp techniques that is not large enough to detect all short-lived events. This limitation can significantly bias the inference of kinetic models describing the receptor activity. To address this issue, we focused on the quantitative analysis of IP 3 R gating behavior using patch clamp data, with particular attention to missed events. We modeled IP 3 R channel gating using Hierarchical Markov chains and used a Bayesian approach that integrates missed event correction directly into the likelihood function, enabling more accurate parameter inference and model evaluation. We show that accounting for missed events deeply clarifies the multi-modal model that emerges from model selection. In this new model, the Park and Drive modes both consist of the same 3-state Markov model, with mode-dependent kinetic parameters: the Drive mode stabilizes the closed state directly connected to the open one, whereas the Park mode stabilizes the other closed state, that is not connected to the open one. Intermediate Ca 2+ concentrations are found to strongly depress the Drive to Park transition rate, so that the IP 3 R channel undergoes frequent transitions to the Park mode only for __ 50 nM or micromolar Ca 2+ concentrations. Overall, our approach provides a refined perspective on IP 3 R channel modeling and highlights the critical importance of accounting for missed events upon model selection based on single-channel recordings.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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On periodic distributed representations using Fourier embeddings
arXiv:2605.10818v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Periodic signals are critical for representing physical and perceptual phenomena. Scalar, real angular measures, e.g., radians and degrees, result in difficulty processing and distinguishing nearby angles, especially when their absolute difference exceeds pi. We can avoid this problem by using real-valued, periodic embeddings in high-dimensional space. These representations also allow us to control the nature of their dot product similarities, allowing us to construct a variety of different kernel shapes. In this work, we aim of highlight how these representations can be constructed and focus on the formalization of Dirichlet and periodic Gaussian kernels using the neurally-plausible representation scheme of Spatial Semantic Pointers.in arXiv: Quantitative Biology: Neurons and Cognition on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Self-organized MT Direction Maps Emerge from Spatiotemporal Contrastive Optimization
arXiv:2605.11718v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The spatial and functional organization of the primate visual cortex is a fundamental problem in neuroscience. While recent computational frameworks like the Topographic Deep Artificial Neural Network (TDANN) have successfully modeled spatial organization in the ventral stream, the computational origins of the dorsal stream's distinct topographies, such as direction-selective maps in the middle temporal (MT) area, remain largely unresolved. In this work, we present a spatiotemporal TDANN to investigate whether MT topography is governed by the same universal principles. By training a 3D ResNet on naturalistic videos via a Momentum Contrast (MoCo) self-supervised paradigm alongside a biologically inspired spatial loss, we demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of brain-like direction maps and topological pinwheel structures. Crucially, we reveal that MT tuning properties, characterized by strong direction selectivity paired with a residual axial component, arise from a strict optimization trade-off between task-driven discriminative pressure and spatial regularization. The model's representations quantitatively match in vivo macaque MT physiological baselines, including direction selectivity index, circular variance, and pinwheel density. These findings unify the computational origins of the ventral and dorsal streams, establishing a general mechanism for cortical self-organization.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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On the Impact of Crossover in Many-Objective Optimization: A Runtime Analysis of NSGA-III
arXiv:2605.11201v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In recent years, a theoretical understanding has rapidly advanced regarding how popular multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) can optimize many-objective problems. However, the benefits of using crossover in many-objective optimization are theoretically not understood, except for specifically designed benchmark functions tuned to particular crossover operators, and still lag significantly behind its practical use. In this paper, we build upon this line of research and present a theoretical runtime analysis of the widely used NSGA-III algorithm on the classical $m$-objective $m$-OneJumpZeroJump function ($m$-OJZJ for short). Our results demonstrate that NSGA-III with crossover optimizes $m$-OJZJ asymptotically faster than NSGA-III without crossover for any number $m$ of objectives for huge parameter regimes. We complement our analysis by providing a lower runtime bound on $4$-OJZJ when crossover is turned off.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Leveraging Non-Equilibrium ECRAM Dynamics for Short-Term Plasticity in Neuromorphic Circuits
arXiv:2605.11243v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Short-term plasticity (STP) is fundamental to temporal information processing in biological neural systems but remains difficult to realize efficiently in neuromorphic hardware. Memristive electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) devices naturally exhibit non-equilibrium ionic dynamics that produce transient conductance modulation; however, these behaviors are typically treated as undesirable variability or tolerated as side effects in memory-centric computing paradigms. In this work, we instead transform these volatile dynamics from a tolerated device artifact into a computational resource through a cross-layer device-circuit-system co-design framework. We introduce a delay-feedback leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron architecture co-designed with ECRAM synapses that exploits activity-dependent conductance modulation with negligible additional circuit overhead. The architecture integrates ECRAM-based synapses with a tunable delay-feedback spike-generation path, enabling transient device dynamics to directly modulate neuron excitability and synaptic efficacy. We used experimentally characterized ECRAM devices exhibiting transient conductance modulation (1.5 KOhms per spike) to develop a compact behavioral model suitable for circuit-level simulation. Circuit simulations demonstrate two key STP behaviors -- synaptic facilitation and intrinsic excitability modulation -- while consuming 2 pJ per spike, and the same device-driven mechanisms extend across multiple neuron topologies. Network-level analysis further demonstrates frequency-selective spike processing, allowing individual synapses to act as tunable temporal filters within spiking neural networks. This work demonstrates that non-equilibrium ECRAM dynamics can serve as a native hardware substrate for STP and temporal computation in neuromorphic circuits.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Multi-Timescale Conductance Spiking Networks: A Sparse, Gradient-Trainable Framework with Rich Firing Dynamics for Enhanced Temporal Processing
arXiv:2605.11835v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These limitations are acute in regression, where approximation error, noise and spike discretization can severely degrade continuous-valued outputs. Indeed, many state-of-the-art (SOTA) SNNs rely on simple phenomenological dynamics trained with surrogate gradients and offer limited control over spiking diversity and sparsity. To overcome such limitations, we introduce multi-timescale conductance spiking networks, a gradient-trainable framework in which neural dynamics emerge from shaping the current-voltage (I-V) curve by tuning fast, slow and ultra-slow conductances. This parametrization allows systematic control over excitability, can be implemented efficiently in analog circuits, and yields rich firing regimes including tonic, phasic and bursting responses within a single model. We derive a discrete-time formulation of these differentiable dynamics, enabling direct backpropagation through time without surrogate-gradient approximations. To probe both trainability and accuracy, we evaluate feedforward networks of these neurons at the predictability limit of Mackey-Glass time-series regression and compare them to baseline LIF and SOTA AdLIF networks. Our model outperforms LIF and AdLIF networks, while exhibiting substantially sparser activity from both communication and computational perspectives. These results highlight multi-timescale conductance spiking neurons as a promising building block for energy-aware temporal processing and neuromorphic implementation.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Black-Box Optimization of Mixed Binary-Continuous Variables: Challenges and Opportunities in Evolutionary Model Merging
arXiv:2605.12326v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Model merging has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to training large language models (LLMs) from scratch, enabling researchers to combine pre-trained models into more capable systems without full retraining. Evolutionary approaches to model merging have shown particular promise, automatically searching for optimal merging configurations across both parameter space (PS) and data flow space (DFS). However, the optimization challenges underlying these approaches -- particularly in DFS merging -- remain poorly understood and formally underspecified in the literature. This paper makes two contributions. First, we provide a structured survey of evolutionary model merging techniques, organizing them into three categories: parameter-space merging, data flow space merging, and hybrid approaches. Second, we formally characterize the DFS merging problem as a black-box optimization problem involving mixed binary-continuous variables, high-dimensional search spaces, and conditional dependencies between variable types -- challenges that standard optimization methods such as CMA-ES are not designed to handle. We provide preliminary empirical validation using real pre-trained language models, demonstrating that a structured approach respecting the binary-continuous conditional dependency outperforms an unstructured approach by 6.7% accuracy while reducing the effective search space by 51.4%. By connecting the model merging community with the broader evolutionary computation and black-box optimization literature, we identify concrete open problems and propose research directions to address them.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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A Family of Quaternion-Valued Differential Evolution Algorithms for Numerical Function Optimization
arXiv:2605.12362v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The numerical optimization of continuous functions is a fundamental task in many scientific and engineering domains, ranging from mechanical design to training of artificial intelligence models. Among the most effective and widely used algorithms for this purpose is Differential Evolution (DE), known for its simplicity and strong performance. Recent research has shown that adapting AI models to operate over alternative number systems-such as complex numbers, quaternions, and geometric algebras-can improve model compactness and accuracy. However, such extensions remain underexplored in bio-inspired optimization algorithms. In particular, the use of quaternion algebra represents an emerging area in computational intelligence. This paper introduces a family of novel Quaternion-Valued Differential Evolution (QDE) algorithms that operate directly in the quaternion space. We propose several mutation strategies specifically designed to exploit the algebraic and geometric properties of quaternions. Results show that our QDE variants achieve faster convergence and superior performance on several function classes in the BBOB benchmark compared to the traditional real-valued DE algorithm.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Decomposing Evolutionary Mixture-of-LoRA Architectures: The Routing Lever, the Lifecycle Penalty, and a Substrate-Conditional Boundary
arXiv:2605.11153v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We decompose an evolutionary mixture-of-LoRA system on a from-scratch ~150M-parameter widened-D substrate (D=1536, V=32000; D/V approx 0.048; the "widened-1536" substrate) into three factors -- a router rewrite (parallel sigmoid gate with learnable per-adapter floor and bounded temperature anneal, fed post-stack hidden states rather than token-embedding means), a per-domain leave-one-out evaluation scope, and a lifecycle of death plus alpha-blend inheritance plus SVD mutation plus slot reallocation -- and report a 5-of-8 partial 2^3 factorial run at n=3 seeds and 25000 adaptation steps per cell. The attribution chain is sharp on this substrate: the router rewrite carries the entire +0.0426 nat balanced log-PPL improvement (Delta = log PPL_ref - log PPL_test, positive = improvement; t=12.86, p=0.006) attributed to "the full evolutionary system vs the static B3 baseline"; the headline full-system-vs-B3 balanced contrast itself is +0.015 nats, t=1.94, p=0.19 at n=3 and does not clear alpha=0.05. The per-domain evaluation scope is null at seed-resolution, and the lifecycle is a net drag of approx -0.028 nats (t=-4.46,p=0.047 in the primary chain). An auxiliary alpha=0 inheritance counterfactual at n=3 seeds is sign-inconsistent at the headline metric and underpowered for either an equivalence or load-bearing conclusion (corrected from an earlier arithmetic-mean aggregator that erroneously cleared inheritance; see Appendix B.11). A base-perturbation probe directionally refutes a "genomic-context" reframe of the lifecycle role. A controllable synthetic sandbox locates a substrate-conditional regime boundary: evolutionary search on the routing channel is load-bearing only when adapters are pre-aligned to the task; in every other regime tested it underperforms, ties, or actively degrades the gradient solution.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Scaling Laws and Tradeoffs in Recurrent Networks of Expressive Neurons
arXiv:2605.12049v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Cortical neurons are complex, multi-timescale processors wired into recurrent circuits, shaped by long evolutionary pressure under stringent biological constraints. Mainstream machine learning, by contrast, predominantly builds models from extremely simple units, a default inherited from early neural-network theory. We treat this as a normative architectural question. How should one split a fixed parameter budget $P$ between the number of units $N$, per-unit effective complexity $k_e$, and per-unit connectivity $k_c$? What controls the optimal allocation? This calls for a model in which per-unit complexity can be tuned independently of width and connectivity. Accordingly, we introduce the ELM Network, whose recurrent layer is built from Expressive Leaky Memory (ELM) neurons, chosen to mirror functional components of cortical neurons. The architecture allows for individually adjusting $N$, $k_e$, and $k_c$ and trains stably across orders of magnitude in scale. We evaluate the model on two qualitatively different sequence benchmarks: the neuromorphic SHD-Adding task and Enwik8 character-level language modeling. Performance improves monotonically along each of the three axes individually. Under a fixed budget, a clear non-trivial optimum emerges in their tradeoff, and larger budgets favor both more and more complex neurons. A closed-form information-theoretic model captures these tradeoffs and attributes the diminishing returns at two ends to: per-neuron signal-to-noise saturation and across-neuron redundancy. A hyperparameter sweep spanning three orders of magnitude in trainable parameters traces a near-Pareto-frontier scaling law consistent with the framework. This suggests that the simple-unit default in ML is not obviously optimal once this tradeoff surface is probed, and offers a normative lens on cortex's reliance on complex spatio-temporal integrators.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Graph-Grounded Optimization: Rao-Family Metaheuristics, Classical OR, and SLM-Driven Formulation over Knowledge Graphs
arXiv:2605.12204v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We propose graph-grounded optimization: a paradigm in which the decision variables, constraints, and objective coefficients of a real-world optimization problem are sourced from a property knowledge graph (KG) via Cypher queries, rather than supplied as free-form natural-language text or static tabular input. We motivate the paradigm by surveying recent LLM/SLM-driven optimization systems -- OptiMUS, Chain-of-Experts, LLMOPT, OPRO, FunSearch, Eureka -- none of which consume property graphs as the primary input modality. We instantiate the paradigm in the open-source samyama-graph database and evaluate seven real-world public-domain KG-backed problems spanning drug repurposing (245K-node biomedical KG), clinical-trial site selection (7.78M-node trial registry), Indian supply-chain rerouting (5.34M-node OSM road graph), healthcare equity allocation (WHO/GAVI/IHME KG), economic-environmental grid dispatch, antimicrobial-resistance stewardship (NCBI AMRFinderPlus, 10.4K resistance genes), and wildfire evacuation routing (OSM Paradise, CA). We compare a portfolio of Rao-family metaheuristics (BMWR, Jaya, SAMP-Jaya, EHR-Jaya, Rao-1) against Google OR-tools (CP-SAT and GLOP) reference solvers. We find that (i) no single Rao variant dominates: BMWR wins on discrete-with-tradeoff and high-dim-with-hard-constraint problems while Rao-1 wins on continuous low-/mid-dim problems, empirically supporting a portfolio approach; (ii) OR-tools dominates on small linear/MILP-friendly sub-problems but cannot encode the non-linear objectives that emerge in several of the real-world settings; (iii) graph-grounded formulations surface data-quality issues (missing properties, degenerate aggregates) that purely text-formulated optimizations would silently maskin arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Solve the Loop: Attractor Models for Language and Reasoning
arXiv:2605.12466v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Looped Transformers offer a promising alternative to purely feed-forward computation by iteratively refining latent representations, improving language modeling and reasoning. Yet recurrent architectures remain unstable to train, costly to optimize and deploy, and constrained to small, fixed recurrence depths. We introduce Attractor Models, in which a backbone module first proposes output embeddings, then an attractor module refines them by solving for the fixed point, with gradients obtained through implicit differentiation. Thus, training memory remains constant in effective depth, and iterations are chosen adaptively by convergence. Empirically, Attractor Models outperform existing models across two regimes, large-scale language-model pretraining and reasoning with tiny models. In language modeling, Attractor Models deliver a Pareto improvement over standard Transformers and stable looped models across sizes, improving perplexity by up to 46.6% and downstream accuracy by up to 19.7% while reducing training cost. Notably, a 770M Attractor Model outperforms a 1.3B Transformer trained on twice as many tokens. On challenging reasoning tasks, we show that our model with only 27M parameters and approximately 1000 examples achieves 91.4% accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme and 93.1% on Maze-Hard, scaling favorably where frontier models like Claude and GPT o3, fail completely, and specialized recursive reasoners collapse at larger sizes. Lastly, we show that Attractor Models exhibit a novel phenomenon, which we call equilibrium internalization: fixed-point training places the model's initial output embedding near equilibrium, allowing the solver to be removed at inference time with little degradation. Together, these results suggest that Attractor Models make iterative refinement scalable by turning recurrence into a computation the model can learn to internalize.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Reconsidering the energy efficiency of spiking neural networks
arXiv:2409.08290v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise higher energy efficiency over conventional Quantized Artificial Neural Networks (QNNs) due to their event-driven, spike-based computation. However, prevailing energy evaluations often oversimplify, focusing on computational aspects while neglecting critical overheads like comprehensive data movement and memory access. Such simplifications can lead to misleading conclusions regarding the true energy benefits of SNNs. This paper presents a rigorous re-evaluation. We establish a fair baseline by mapping rate-encoded SNNs with $T$ timesteps to functionally equivalent QNNs with $\lceil \log_2(T+1) \rceil$ bits. This ensures both models have comparable representational capacities, as well has similar hardware requirement, enabling meaningful energy comparisons. We introduce a detailed analytical energy model encompassing core computation and data movement. Using this model, we systematically explore a wide parameter space, including intrinsic network characteristics ($T$, spike rate $s_r$, QNN sparsity $\gamma$, model size $N$, weight bit-level) and hardware characteristics (memory system and network-on-chip). Our analysis identifies specific operational regimes where SNNs genuinely offer superior energy efficiency. For example, under typical neuromorphic hardware conditions, SNNs with moderate time windows ($T \in [5,10]$) require an average spike rate ($s_r$) below 6.4\% to outperform equivalent QNNs. Furthermore, to illustrate the real-world implications of our findings, we analyze the operational lifetime of a typical smartwatch, showing that an optimized SNN can nearly double its battery life compared to a QNN. These insights guide the design of turely energy-efficient neural network solutions.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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Energy-Efficient Implementation of Spiking Recurrent Cells on FPGA
arXiv:2605.10679v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can reduce energy consumption compared to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) when spiking activity is sparse and the neuron model is hardware-friendly. However, biologically faithful models are often too costly to implement on FPGAs, whereas very simple models (e.g., IR/LIF) sacrifice part of the neuronal dynamics. In this work, we present an FPGA accelerator for an SNN using Spiking Recurrent Cell (SRC) neurons, providing a trade-off between biological plausibility and hardware cost. We propose a set of mathematical simplifications that remove costly unary operators (\textit{tanh}, \textit{exp}) and avoid floating-point arithmetic through scaling and piecewise-defined approximations. The complete network is implemented in VHDL and validated using spiking traces derived from the MNIST dataset. The weight matrices computed off-line are stored directly in LUT-registers without any adaptation. This demonstrates the robustness of SRC cells. Experiments were conducted on an Artix-7 XC7A200T clocked at 100 MHz. The reference implementation achieves 96.31\% accuracy with a 220-image spiking trace and a processing time of 1.7424 ms per digit. We then investigate accuracy/energy trade-offs by reducing the spiking trace length and quantizing synaptic weights down to 4 bits, achieving 93.32\% accuracy at 0.55 mJ per digit (55 images, 5-bit weights) and 92.89\% at 0.45 mJ (44 images, 4-bit weights). These results show that SRC-based SNNs can deliver competitive performance with reduced energy consumption, while preserving richer neuronal dynamics than standard LIF/IR models.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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BEExformer: A Fast Inferencing Binarized Transformer with Early Exits
arXiv:2412.05225v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformers achieve cutting-edge results on a variety of applications. However, their enormous size and processing requirements hinder deployment on constrained resources. To enhance efficiency, binarization and Early Exit (EE) have proved to be effective solutions. However, binarization may lead to performance loss as reduced precision affects gradient estimation and parameter updates. Besides, research on EE mechanisms is still in its early stages. To address these challenges, we introduce Binarized Early Exit Transformer (BEExformer), a first-of-its-kind selective learning-based transformer integrating Binarization-Aware Training (BAT) with EE for efficient and fast textual inference. Each transformer block has an integrated Selective-Learn Forget Network (SLFN) to enhance contextual retention while eliminating irrelevant information. The BAT employs a differentiable second-order approximation to the sign function, enabling gradient computation that captures both the sign and magnitude of the weights. This aids in 21.30 times reduction in model size. The EE mechanism hinges on fractional reduction in entropy among intermediate transformer blocks with soft-routing loss estimation. This accelerates inference by reducing FLOPs by 52.27% and even improves accuracy by 3.22% by resolving the "overthinking" problem inherent in deep networks. Extensive evaluation through comparison with the SOTA methods and various ablations across nine datasets covering multiple NLP tasks demonstrates its Pareto-optimal performance-efficiency trade-off.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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APRIL: Auxiliary Physically-Redundant Information in Loss -- A physics-informed framework for parameter estimation with a gravitational-wave case study
arXiv:2510.13677v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) embed the partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the system under study directly into the training of Neural Networks, ensuring solutions that respect physical laws. While effective for single-system problems, standard PINNs scale poorly to datasets containing many realizations of the same underlying physics with varying parameters. To address this limitation, we present a complementary approach by including auxiliary physically-redundant information in loss (APRIL), i.e. augment the standard supervised output-target loss with auxiliary terms which exploit exact physical redundancy relations among outputs. We mathematically demonstrate that these terms preserve the true physical minimum while reshaping the loss landscape, improving convergence toward physically consistent solutions. As a proof-of-concept, we benchmark APRIL on a fully-connected neural network for gravitational wave (GW) parameter estimation (PE). We use simulated, noise-free compact binary coalescence (CBC) signals, focusing on inspiral-frequency waveforms to recover the chirp mass $\mathcal{M}$, the total mass $M_\mathrm{tot}$, and symmetric mass ratio $\eta$ of the binary. In this controlled setting, we show that APRIL achieves up to an order-of-magnitude improvement in test accuracy, especially for parameters that are otherwise difficult to learn. This method provides physically consistent learning for large multi-system datasets and is well suited for future GW analyses involving realistic noise and broader parameter ranges.in arXiv: Computer Science: Neural and Evolutionary Computing on 2026-05-13 04:00:00 UTC.
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AI can design viruses, toxins and other bioweapons. How worried should we be?
Nature, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01476-x
Scientists are debating whether to limit biological AI software to ward off threats.in Nature on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Fluctuating internal states mediate neural–behavioral covariations in V1
Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02296-y
The authors report surprising covariations between subthreshold activity of single V1 neurons and behavior, demonstrating that interactions between external sensory inputs and internal states are implemented by a nonlinear modulatory signal in V1.in Nature Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Closed-loop stimulation modulates attention shifting in children
Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02294-0
Intracranial recordings in children revealed neural signals predicting attentional lapses. Closed-loop stimulation rescued performance and scalp EEG enabled noninvasive modulation, identifying a reproducible marker of attentional control.in Nature Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Ultra-quick dynamics and acrobatics of viscous marbles
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69128-2
The dynamics of nonwetting viscous droplets, such as liquid marbles, are significantly different from those of wetting droplets, leading to unexpected behaviors in their movement on inclined surfaces. This study reveals that these marbles can achieve speeds up to ten times greater than previously predicted when subjected to sufficient driving forces, due to a dynamic reduction in contact with the Perfect. substrate, highlighting their potential for applications requiring enhanced mobility.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Retraction Note: Bacteria eat nanoprobes for aggregation-enhanced imaging and killing diverse microorganisms
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73179-w
Retraction Note: Bacteria eat nanoprobes for aggregation-enhanced imaging and killing diverse microorganismsin Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Base modifications shift tertiary structure and activity in synthetic RNA origami and a natural ribozyme
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72891-x
Modified RNA bases can improve therapeutics, but their structural effects are unclear. Here, the authors show that common base modifications reshape RNA folding and activity by shifting tertiary interactions in a synthetic RNA nanostructure and a natural ribozyme.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Cortical knowledge structures guide word concept learning
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72868-w
Zhang et al. show that prior knowledge stored in visual cortex supports word concept learning through Bayesian inference, while the hippocampus enables prior-free association. Large language models fail to capture this human-like learning pattern.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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CLUES A Comprehensive Workflow for Integrating Geospatial Data in Biomedical Research
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73048-6
The study presents CLUES, an open-source workflow that automates linking global environmental data with geolocated biomedical data, enabling scalable research while supporting FAIR data practices and privacy-aware integration.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Transient tertiary structure in intrinsically disordered proteins revealed by multithermal enhanced sampling
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73067-3
Enhanced molecular simulations reveal transient tertiary structures in intrinsically disordered proteins. These hidden conformational states could deepen our understanding of their function and open paths to drug discovery.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Selective and differential roles of PVHCRH neurotransmitters in diet-induced obesity in mice
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73102-3
The physiologic roles of the neurotransmission from PVHCRH neurons remain untested. Here, authors show differential roles of glutamate and CRH release from PVHCRH neurons in diet-induced obesity but a permissive role for their release in the HPA axis.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Variant U1 snRNAs contribute to cell cycle and differentiation control of human iPS cells
Nature Communications, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73121-0
Stem cell identity and differentiation require precise gene regulation, yet key regulatory components remain poorly understood. Here, the authors show that variant U1 snRNAs have distinct and essential roles in human pluripotent stem cells, shaping gene expression, alternative splicing and cell cycle control to regulate pluripotency programs.in Nature Communications on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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A long-term photographic dataset for individual identification of the Balearic wall lizard
Scientific Data, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07411-z
A long-term photographic dataset for individual identification of the Balearic wall lizardin Nature scientific data on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Cortical representation of pitch perception in mice
Communications Biology, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10246-4
Modeling, behavior, and imaging link auditory temporal cues to pitch perception and cortical maps in mice, revealing experience-dependent plasticity in pitch representations that predict how well mice perceive pitch.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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miR-318 regulates juvenile hormone biosynthesis to control ovarian development in Bactrocera dorsalis
Communications Biology, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10227-7
A miR-318/FolDH regulatory axis upstream of juvenile hormone controls ovarian development and female fertility in Bactrocera dorsalis.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Pervasive Cas9 expression driven by mammalian promoter activity in E. coli affects representation of CRISPR sgRNA libraries
Communications Biology, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10000-w
Aberrant Cas9 expression from mammalian promoters in E. coli causes guide-specific toxicity that skews CRISPR library representation in all-in-one Cas9 vectors. Replacing EF-1α with PGK reduces bacterial Cas9 expression and restores sgRNA uniformity.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Spatiotemporal brain transcriptomics reveal risk gene hot-spots in major neuropsychiatric disorders
Communications Biology, Published online: 13 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10045-x
Integrated transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct spatiotemporal expression of risk genes across 15 neuropsychiatric traits, highlighting prenatal synaptic development and RNA processing in specific cell types as key substrates of vulnerability.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Examining the role of lipids in hearing
The asymmetry of lipid membranes is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells, and auditory hair cells are no exception.in eLife on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Pericyte Loss Reprogrammes Capillary Endothelium and Drives White Matter Injury in Small Vessel Disease
Pericytes are critical regulators of cerebrovascular homeostasis, yet their contribution to small vessel disease (SVD) and white matter injury remains incompletely understood. Here, we use an inducible Atp13a5-driven genetic strategy to selectively label and ablate brain pericytes, enabling integrated morphological, functional, and transcriptomic analyses across the neurogliovascular unit. Single-cell RNA sequencing and tissue-level mapping identified distinct pericyte subtypes distributed along the vascular tree and revealed subtype-specific vulnerability following depletion. Moderate pericyte loss induced transient cerebrovascular dysfunction characterised by reduced cerebral blood flow and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, accompanied by delayed white matter abnormalities, including altered diffusion MRI metrics, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell responses, and myelin loss. At the molecular level, pericyte depletion reprogrammed capillary endothelial cells toward an activated venular-like state characterised by VCAM-1 induction, reduced expression of the BBB-associated transporter MFSD2A, and activation of type I interferon signalling pathways. Cross-species analyses revealed enrichment of human white matter hyperintensity-associated SVD gene signatures across endothelial subtypes following pericyte depletion. Together, these findings identify pericyte dysfunction as a driver of endothelial inflammatory remodelling and white matter injury and establish mechanistic links between microvascular pericyte loss and human SVD.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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SPECTRA: Spatial Inference for Tractometry Toward Precision Mapping of White Matter Microstructure
Diffusion MRI tractometry characterizes white matter microstructure along fiber bundles, but standard along-tract profiling collapses measurements across the bundle cross-section, obscuring radial heterogeneity and producing spatially inconsistent units of inference. We present SPECTRA (Spatial Inference for Tractometry), a framework designed to address these limitations through a unified design of parameterization and statistical inference. First, we propose a 2D bundle parameterization that extends along-tract profiling to include a radial dimension defined on the atlas bundle. Second, we develop a two-stage hierarchical false discovery rate (hFDR) procedure for multi-bundle inference, which aggregates evidence at a coarser spatial scale before proceeding to finer-grained inference, with spatial scales derived from a Matern kernel. Across extensive simulation conditions, we found that hFDR improves statistical power and reduces the sample size required to detect effects compared to global FDR correction, while maintaining appropriate error control. We further characterized how sensitivity-specificity tradeoffs depend on sample size, the magnitude, spatial extent, and configurations of effects, thereby providing practical guidance for tractometry study design. In an empirical analysis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in more than 4,000 subjects across 63 bundles, SPECTRA revealed spatially localized patterns that were absent in 1D profiles. Together, these results demonstrate that spatially resolved parameterization and adaptive error control jointly enable precise mapping of white matter microstructure in large-scale tractometry studies. SPECTRA is openly available as a Python package.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Demonstrating the ability of GABAergic cells in the zona incerta to modulate motivation
Motivation to engage in goal-directed actions is crucial for survival and well-being. Dopaminergic and serotonergic systems have been the focus of efforts to understand neurobiological etiologies of normative and disrupted motivation. Understanding how the brain incorporates salient sensory cues into motivational drive outside of these neuromodulatory systems is less appreciated. We posited that given their afferent and efferent connections, GABAergic cells in the zona incerta (ZI) are ideally positioned to perform this function. Combining behavioral tasks in mice with chemogenetics we show that GABAergic ZI neurons are capable of modulating effort-based motivation and that chemogenetic activation of this cell population can rescue motivational deficits induced by chronic stress - without affecting attention, memory, locomotion, or appetite. Next, using fiber photometry we report that GABAergic cells in the ZI robustly respond to sensory cues and their response to a cue increases as reward-predictive associations are formed. Inhibiting GABAergic cells in the ZI did not abolish cue-associated motivational behavior while cue-locked optogenetic activation of these cells robustly enhanced cue-associated motivated behavior demonstrating that these cells are not necessary but sufficient to allow for sensory cues to influence action selection. These findings establish GABAergic cells in the ZI as modulators of motivation and afford us a neuroanatomical hub that could be targeted to potentially remedy treatment-resistant deficits in motivation.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Deep Representation Learning on Whole-Brain Population Dynamics Uncovers Geometrically Separable Neural Codes
Learning interpretable low-dimensional representations of whole-brain neuronal dynamics remains a major computational challenge in systems neuroscience. We present a wiring-agnostic deep-learning framework that couples a convolutional encoder with a temporal transformer to learn compact representations directly from volumetric calcium imaging of the entire Drosophila melanogaster brain. Trained to classify 16 experimental conditions that factorially combine metabolic state (fed, starved), sensory modality (olfaction, gustation, or combined), and stimulus valence (appetitive, aversive, or conflicting), the model organizes pan-neuronal whole-brain population activity into geometrically distinct, condition-specific clusters. Analysis of the model's latent space reveals that state, modality, and valence are encoded along three near-orthogonal axes: a separable structure that emerges from the classification objective without explicit disentanglement constraints. Spatial attribution and regional importance analyses link modality decoding to distinct anatomical circuits, whereas metabolic state and valence related information show weaker regional specificity and broader distribution across the brain. Our approach does not require anatomical annotation, neuronal identification, or connectivity information, and thus provides a scalable foundation for comparative whole-brain imaging and representation learning of brain wide dynamics.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Trajectories of hippocampal subregion development in the first years of life and their association with school-aged episodic memory outcomes
Brain networks that support episodic memory development in the first years of life remain poorly understood. Protracted growth of regions such as the hippocampus have been suggested as a causal role in episodic memory development, but development of these memory brain networks and their role in episodic memory development is not yet fully elucidated. In this study, subcortical memory network regions (hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala) were segmented from MRI images in 835 visits spanning 0-4 years of age across 322 participants in the Baby Connectome Project. Hippocampal segmentations were further subdivided into head, body, and tail subregions manually for 426 visits, which were used to train models that automatically segmented hippocampal subregions for the remaining visits. 58 participants returned for an early school-age follow-up, including two episodic memory tasks. Volumetric growth trajectories differed across regions and across subregions within the hippocampus, with the head of the hippocampus showing steep growth that plateaued months later than the body or tail of the hippocampus. In the right hemisphere hippocampal head, age- and sex- adjusted volumes positively predicted future early school-age episodic memory performance. After accounting for total brain volume, the right thalamus also predicted memory performance. Total sleep duration at the follow-up visit accounted for performance variance above and beyond brain volume correlations. Altogether, results suggest that trajectories of growth and relationships between volume and episodic memory performance are region and subregion specific, and provide evidence for the important role of sleep in associations between brain networks and early episodic memory development.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Behavioral evidence challenges species-specific ocular morphology as a primary constraint on human gaze-following
Previous research suggests that humans are extremely sensitive to object-directed eye gaze, which effectively guides their attention toward objects of shared interest. This contrasts with non-human primates, who typically require much more salient eye-gaze cues to achieve comparable attentional orienting. However, it remains unclear whether cross-species differences in ocular morphology account for this performance gap. To address this question, we examined humans' covert shifts of spatial attention in response to eye-gaze cues provided by either realistic human or rhesus monkey head avatars. Target detection was reliably enhanced on gaze-congruent compared to gaze-incongruent trials, with comparable gaze-cueing effects for both avatar types, despite the fact that monkey eyes lack many of the conspicuous features characteristic of human eyes. Hence, eye morphology alone does not substantially modulate gaze-driven attentional orienting in humans, whereas humans' reliable use of monkey eye-gaze cues highlights a clear species difference in perceptual sensitivity to eye gaze signals.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Simulating the spectrum, not the syndrome: Large scale individualized modeling of oral reading in stroke aphasia
Computational models are a linchpin in our understanding of the neurocognitive basis of reading. These models can simulate idealized profiles of alexia syndromes, but in reality, individuals with alexia present with a wide range of mixed deficits rather than idealized syndromes. To provide a complete cognitive theory of reading, computational models must be able to account for this individual variation. However, this has never been demonstrated. We test oral reading and non-reading phonological and semantic processing in 83 left-hemisphere stroke survivors. We show that individual alexia profiles can be simulated by applying graded phonology and semantic lesions to an artificial neural network model of reading, creating matched models that represent individual stroke survivors. The severity of damage to the semantic and phonological layers of the matched models was highly correlated with directly-measured semantic and phonological processing deficits. However, we also identify systematic ways in which the models fail to simulate the reading performance of their matched stroke survivors. Our results support theories of alexia that rely on process-based deficits, demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale individualized modelling of alexia, and suggest ways to further improve the correspondence of models and human reading behavior.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Postweaning social isolation induces gene expression alterations and histone modification dysregulations in nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons
Lack of social interaction results in various behavioral abnormalities in rodents, including increased anxiety levels, altered sociability, and impaired cognitive ability. Epigenetic factors regulate gene expression, however, how they contribute to juvenile social isolation (jSI)-induced behavioral alterations remains largely unknown. Here, we focused on the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region of the reward system that regulates motivation-related behaviors. We first performed RNA-seq on neuronal nuclei and found alterations in genes related to neuronal function, as well as in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that top key nodes among down-regulated genes include membrane receptors (Ntrk2, Grin3a, and Grik1) and an apoptosis regulator (Bcl2). To further investigate whether jSI-induced gene expression alterations are mediated by histone modifications, we next performed CUT&Tag for four histone modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3), and the results implied that epigenetic alterations may also play a role in neuronal function as well as transcriptional regulation. Reanalysis of previously published RNA-seq data on the manipulation of histone modification-associated factors (including Kdm6b, Brd4, and Setd1a) suggested that these enzymes were probably involved in jSI-induced gene expression alterations. Taken together, our comprehensive analysis implies the involvement of histone modification regulation in jSI-related alterations of gene expression in NAc.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Maternal high-fat diet drives sex-specific microglia remodeling of serotonergic reward circuits
Maternal nutrition shapes offspring brain development and influences lifelong risk for neurological disorders, yet the circuit-level mechanisms linking maternal metabolic state to offspring behavior remain poorly defined. Here we show that maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) disrupts microglia-serotonin interactions during a critical postnatal window to drive persistent, sex-specific alterations in mesolimbic circuitry. In mice, mHFD selectively increased serotonergic fiber density in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of male, but not female, offspring at postnatal day 14, coincident with reduced microglial phagocytosis of serotonin (5-HT) projections. This early-life hyperinnervation persisted into adulthood, where male offspring exhibited elevated NAc 5-HT release and projection-specific changes in dorsal raphe neuron activity. Functionally, these circuit alterations were associated with accelerated reward-motivated learning, a phenotype recapitulated by chemogenetic activation of NAc-projecting 5-HT neurons. Together, these findings reveal a microglia-centric mechanism by which maternal diet programs serotonergic circuit assembly and behavior in a sex-specific manner, providing a potential link between early-life metabolic inflammation and lifelong neural function.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Spatiotemporally dynamic noradrenergic regulation of cortical networks
Brain activity and cognition exhibit state-dependent fluctuations that may reflect the influence of neuromodulatory systems, including norepinephrine (NE). Although the activity of noradrenergic neurons is strongly coupled to sleep-wake cycles and pupil dynamics, suggesting a global arousal signal, recent evidence suggests potentially modular partitioning of these cells. In addition, it is unclear whether different neuromodulatory signals exhibit distinct spatiotemporal patterns. We performed simultaneous, dual color mesoscopic imaging of either NE and calcium or NE and acetylcholine (ACh) signals across the neocortex, along with high-density electrophysiology, to investigate the relationship between NE release and neural activity. We find that the pattern of cortical NE signaling varies with behavioral state and is associated with enhanced functional connectivity. Simultaneous imaging of NE and ACh reveals spatiotemporally dynamic coupling between signals. Finally, NE signaling and functional connectivity are disrupted by sleep deprivation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that NE provides a multimodal signal that links transitions in behavioral state to cortical network interactions.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Differential maturation in vestibular neuronal groups related to developmental motor reorganization in amphibians
Vestibular neurons are core elements of the pathways involved in vestibulo-motor functions, such as vestibulo-spinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes. To meet behavioral needs, electrophysiological neuronal properties are adequately adapted to the sensory-motor computation sustaining these distinct vestibular reflexes. During frog metamorphosis, there is a complete reorganization of the posturo-locomotor system while the oculomotor system remains minimally changed, probably associated to so far unknown changes in vestibular neuronal properties. We used this unique model to investigate the central developmental mechanisms underlying such a reconfiguration of vestibular-associated behaviors. Central vestibular neurons exhibit two types of electrophysiological phenotypes: tonic neurons with a continuous discharge and phasic neurons with a transitory discharge mainly due to the activation of Kv1.1 channel. Electrophysiological recordings and Kv1.1 immunolabeling of vestibulospinal (VS) and vestibulo-ocular (VO) neurons at both larval and juvenile stages revealed that the majority of VS neurons exhibited a tonic discharge in larvae but a phasic discharge in juvenile, while VO neurons remained mainly tonic throughout development. Changes in phasic and tonic neurons proportions in VS population are partly explained by neurogenesis. But we provide evidences that an electrophysiological phenotype switch is a concomitant developmental mechanism participating in the maturation of these central vestibular neurons. All together our results showed that the maturation process in central vestibular neuronal groups is highly related to the metamorphosis-induced remodeling of vestibulo-motor functions they are involved in, with the ultimate purpose of ensuring an adequate adaptation of neuronal elements properties to the developmental changes of behavioral constrains.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Inflammation-induced epigenetic memory restores oligodendrocyte progenitor cell regenerative capacity in the aged central nervous system
Although remyelination, a central nervous system (CNS) regenerative process mediated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), takes place in an inflammatory environment the long-term impact of inflammation on OPC remyelination capacity remains unclear. Here, we studied the short- and long-term impact of systemic inflammation on adult OPCs to assess whether transient inflammation triggers enduring chromatin remodelling indicative of inflammatory memory in OPCs. We observed long-lasting epigenetic modifications in response to both lipopolyssaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), but only LPS induced a tolerance-like memory. LPS-mediated tolerance-like memory enhanced OPC differentiation after demyelination in aged mice, reducing axonal damage. Our findings reveal OPC epigenetic memory of inflammation as a mechanism by which adult OPCs adapt to inflammatory challenges, which could be harnessed to reduce neuroinflammation and enhance remyelination efficiency in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-13 00:00:00 UTC.
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Human mobility and outbreak origins in epidemic spread: Insights from agent-based modeling
by Konstantin A. Klochkov, Ivan E. Kozlov, Elena N. Ilina, Alexander I. Manolov
Human mobility is a key driver of early epidemic spread, and restricting travel remains one of the principal non-pharmaceutical interventions. To better understand how infections propagate through real-world mobility networks, it is essential to disaggregate their components and characterize the functional relationships between mobility flows and epidemic metrics. Here we introduce transCovasim, an agent-based extension of Covasim that explicitly couples parallel city simulations via inter-city traveler exchange while preserving the initial social network structure within each population, enabling controlled experiments on mobility and disease dynamics. Using transCovasim, we analyze a two-city system with equal or unequal populations and a hub-and-satellite commuting network parameterized to a Moscow-like setting. In paired identical cities, the mean lag between epidemic peaks scales approximately linearly with the logarithm of inter-city traffic, with steeper delays at lower transmissibility; epidemic variability declines as flows increase. With unequal city sizes, mobility primarily redistributes infections between cities; first-order Sobol’ indices show that peak magnitude is largely insensitive to city’s flows of different directions when sizes are comparable, while sensitivity for a smaller city shifts toward flow from a bigger city as the asymmetry increases. In the hub-and-satellite network, reducing commuting flows before the peak significantly lowers peak incidence, and cumulative infections can still be reduced when restrictions are introduced after the peak; early 100-fold cuts outperform 10-fold cuts, but produce similar results when introduced into the late exponential phase. Finally, dynamic time warping applied to surveillance curves identifies the outbreak’s origin: under Moscow-like flows, accuracy reaches 78% by day 50 with 10% daily testing, and approaches 100% at lower connectivity. These results clarify how specific mobility patterns shape epidemic timing and burden and provide actionable guidance for mobility-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions and early source attribution.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-12 14:00:00 UTC.
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Fitness advantage of sequential metabolic strategies emerges from community interactions in strongly fluctuating environments
by Zihan Wang, Yu Fu, Akshit Goyal, Sergei Maslov
Microbes growing in fluctuating environments employ two key metabolic strategies: sequential (diauxic) utilization and co-utilization of nutrients. Most work has focused on understanding and comparing these strategies physiologically for the growth of single species, rather than ecologically for the assembly of complex natural communities. This is in part because of the lack of a framework for directly comparing the fitness of these strategies in an ecological context. Here, we present a new consumer-resource framework that incorporates dynamic proteome reallocation, and use it to compare the fitness of metabolic strategies during community assembly. We introduce two notions of fitness of a strategy in fluctuating environments: the time-averaged growth rate and the biomass-weighted prevalence of microbes using a given strategy. We find that sequential utilizers, although disadvantaged in pairwise competitions, gain a significant edge during community assembly — an advantage that becomes more pronounced with increasing community diversity and the size of the species pool from which they are assembled. Low diversity communities resemble pairwise competitions and are dominated by co-utilizers, whereas high diversity, mature communities (i.e., those assembled from a larger species pool) are dominated by the sequential utilizers. This shift is driven by two factors: the difference in lag times and the increased structural stability conferred by sequential strategies. Overall, our work provides several testable predictions about the co-occurrence patterns of microbes using different metabolic strategies.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-12 14:00:00 UTC.
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The differentiation of myeloid progenitors is effected by cascading waves of coordinated gene expression that remodel cellular physiology in a characteristic sequence
by Andrea Repele, Joanna Handzlik, Nimasha Samarawickrama, Trevor Long, Sunil Nooti, Veena Potluri, Yen Lee Loh, Manu
The differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors into specialized types requires the transmittal of information from a few external or internal regulators to the thousands of genes that produce a cell type’s characteristic phenotypes. While the main signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the genes eliciting the terminal phenotypes are known, how information flows from a few regulators to thousands of genes to change the state of the cell remains to be fleshed out. To profile this information transfer process, we sampled the differentiation of the PUER myeloid cell line into macrophages and neutrophils at 27 time points over seven days. There is extensive transient regulation; the number of transcripts modulated in time is twice the number differentially expressed between endpoints. Differentiation is marked by two sharp transitions, at ∼8h and ∼80h, when transcriptomic state changes suddenly. We utilized non-negative matrix factorization to identify behaviors, characteristic temporal patterns of gene expression, and to classify transcripts by behavior. Only 10 distinct behaviors are sufficient to recapitulate the expression of ∼36,000 transcripts with high fidelity. Gene expression in most of the behaviors occurs in pulses of varying initiation times and durations. This implies that information transfer during differentiation occurs in cascading waves of gene expression culminating in the permanent turning on of certain genes after ∼80h. Each behavior is enriched in specific biological processes, so that physiological remodeling proceeds in a characteristic order—signal transduction, translation and mRNA processing, metabolism, and, ultimately, myeloid phenotypic processes. The sharp transition at 8h corresponds to the completion of transcriptional and translational remodeling and the initiation of metabolic remodeling; the one at 80h corresponds to the elicitation of myeloid phenotypes. Our analysis shows that differentiation relies upon a series of transient, rapid, and complex gene regulatory events and highlights the importance of profiling it at a high temporal resolution.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-12 14:00:00 UTC.
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FoMo: A unifying theory of visual foraging
by Alasdair D. F. Clarke, Anna E. Hughes
Visual foraging lies at the intersection of visual perception, decision-making and action planning. An attractive feature of this paradigm is that it generates a rich stream of sequential decision data. However, this presents a number of challenges for analysis. To this end, we have developed FoMo, a robust and flexible generative model for spatial-sequential data that allows prediction of participants’ selection behaviour on a target-by-target basis. Building upon our initial work, we present an updated version of FoMo (Clarke AD, Hunt AR, Hughes AE. Foraging as sampling without replacement: A Bayesian statistical model for estimating biases in target selection. PLOS Computational Biology. 2022;18(1):e1009813.), which incorporates spatial structure allowing us to model organised spatial behaviours. FoMo provides estimates of a range of interpretable parameters, meaning we can use it to understand the causes of behavioural differences: for example, incorporating spatial-structure parameters improves model prediction accuracy for a number of visual foraging datasets, predominantly due to improvements for a subset of participants who use grid-following strategies. Our approach can also account for individual differences across the wide range of descriptive statistics that have previously been used to explore human and non-human animal behaviour, providing a unified framework for analysing these data.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-12 14:00:00 UTC.
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Network structure induced bias in estimates of intrinsic generation times
by Pratyush K. Kollepara, Chiara Poletto, Joel C. Miller
The generation interval, defined as the time taken by an infector to create another infection from its time of infection, is a crucial quantity to be estimated during an infectious disease outbreak. It informs on the timescale of epidemic unfolding and makes it possible the calculation of the basic reproductive ratio, which quantifies the transmission potential of an infection, from incidence data. While the intrinsic generation interval remains stable during an outbreak in the absence of interventions and behavioural changes, the generation intervals of successful infection events, ‘realised generation intervals’, change over time depending on the dynamics of the epidemic and how data are aggregated to define either the forward or the backward generation intervals. These time varying distributions are well understood for homogeneous, well-mixed populations, and can be used to infer the intrinsic generation interval distribution. For heterogeneous populations, the state-of-the-art method relies on the use of expensive network-based or agent-based simulations. We use the edge-based compartmental modelling framework to develop exact formulae for the generation time distribution on a Markovian SIR infection spreading on a heterogeneous contact network. These formulae are validated using stochastic outbreak simulations and relate backward and forward generation intervals with the intrinsic generation intervals. Finally, we use our results to demonstrate some previously unexplored biases in the estimation of the intrinsic generation times from the realised one, which could be caused by the incorrect assumptions on the network structure in the model and particularly the temporal structure of contacts.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-12 14:00:00 UTC.
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The Interview Trap: A systematic review on factors affecting the validity of Employment Interviews [version 2; peer review: 1 approved]
This article examines factors that compromise the validity and reliability of employment interview selection processes, with a focus on the influence of interviewer bias, format, and decision-making processes. The purpose of the present Systematic Review (SR) is to determine how different types and formats of interview modalities affect the selection process, consolidate empirical findings regarding the influence of the most widespread interviewer biases, and identify bias mitigation strategies that can enhance the interview selection process. The methodology used PECO and PRISMA criteria to identify keywords, define search strings, and 19 full review articles published between 2015 and 2025 in peer-reviewed journals. This time frame captures the most recent developments and relevant research, recognizing the opportunity to reflect this under-researched area, specifically the role of bias and interview format in employment selection processes. The results emphasize the importance of pre-and post-interview reflection, interviewer preparedness, and gathering applicant feedback to refine selection decisions. In conclusion, the interview process can be improved by offering interviewer refresher training, utilizing recorded interviews to minimize the effects of selective memory, and implementing bias-mitigation strategies, such as job analysis and interviewer self-awareness, to enhance the validity and reliability of employment selection interviews.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 13:02:29 UTC.
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Do Professional Events Contribute to Professional Identity? A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Direct and Indirect Relationships Among Psychologists [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Professional identity development among psychologists is often assumed to be influenced by participation in professional events; however, empirical evidence remains limited and inconsistent. Methods A cross-sectional explanatory-correlational design was employed using a sample of 364 psychologists working in public, private, and academic sectors. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire, including a professional event participation index and the Professional Identity Scale in Counseling (PISC). Structural equation modeling (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation was used to analyze relationships among variables. Results Participants demonstrated moderate to high levels of professional event participation (M = 18.15, SD = 4.10) and professional identity (M = 233.40, SD = 24.23). The revised structural model showed that professional event participation did not have a direct effect on professional identity. Educational level emerged as the only significant predictor (p = .036), while other variables were not significant. Conclusion The results imply that formal education is more closely connected with psychologists’ professional identity than professional events or experience. These findings emphasize the importance of academic preparation in professional identity building and challenge the presumed developmental impact of professional event attendance.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 12:14:19 UTC.
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Fuzzy Ideals and Fuzzy Filters on Implication Algebras [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background In this paper, we present the intersection of a family of fuzzy ideals and fuzzy filters as fuzzy ideals and fuzzy filters, respectively. We introduced the concept of fuzzy implication algebras as a fuzzification of implication algebras. Method Within this framework, we further define and study fuzzy implication ideals, fuzzy implication filters, and fuzzy normal subalgebras, each equipped with membership functions that satisfy the compatibility conditions reflecting the underlying implication operation. These fuzzy notions are presented as appropriate generalizations of classical concepts of ideals, subalgebras, and filters. Result We establish several foundational results for these constructions and prove different characterization theorems. The characterization results provide several equivalent descriptions, such as those expressed through internal algebraic conditions, order-theoretic constraints, and implication-based inequalities, thereby clarifying when a given fuzzy subset qualifies as fuzzy implication ideal, filter, or normal subalgebra. Conclusion Consequently, the theory yields a unified and systematic method for verifying and constructing fuzzy-algebraic structures.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 11:46:06 UTC.
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Tourette syndrome research highlights from 2025 [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
This article is the annual update for the F1000Research Tics collection, in which we summarize research reports from 2025 on Tourette Syndrome (TS) and other tic disorders. The authors welcome article suggestions for future editions and thoughtful feedback from readers.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 11:40:16 UTC.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY AND FOETAL GROWTH IN PREECLAMPTIC PREGNANCIES IN MTHATHA, SOUTH AFRICA: A Cross-sectional Cohort Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Objectives Preeclampsia is a severe form of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, with adverse outcomes for both mothers and their foetuses worldwide. This disorder affects South Africa disproportionately due to socio-economic challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal preeclampsia on foetal growth and vascular function in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study design recruiting 30 preeclamptic and 30 normotensive pregnant women aged 18–35 years with singleton pregnancies was used. A lifestyle/health questionnaire was administered to all participants. Foetal biometry, including head circumference, abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter, femur length, estimated foetal weight, and Doppler velocimetry parameters, were assessed using transabdominal and Doppler ultrasound. Results Preeclamptic women demonstrated a higher incidence of tobacco (25% vs 7%, p < 0.001) and alcohol use (65% vs 13%, p < 0.001) and a history of preeclampsia (64% vs 17%, p < 0.001). Foetal measurements showed reduced head circumference (255 ± 74.41 mm vs 293.85 ± 13.18 mm, p = 0.05) and estimated foetal weight (1609 ± 326.91 g vs 1987.53 ± 403.43 g, p = 0.05) in preeclamptic pregnancies, while Doppler indices, such as uterine artery pulsatile index and middle cerebral artery resistive index, were elevated (1.52 ± 0.70 and 0.88 ± 0.12). Multiple linear regression outcomes showed that the middle cerebral artery pulsatile index (MCA PI) positively predicted foetal head circumference (β = 0.568, p = 0.02). Conversely, the MCA resistive index negatively predicted foetal head circumference (β = −0.716, p = 0.004), suggesting that each unit increase in the resistive index results in a 0.716 cm decrease in foetal head circumference. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that foetal growth and development are directly affected by maternal preeclampsia, emphasising the importance of using specialised techniques such as Doppler velocimetry to predict foetal outcomes and potentially designing targeted interventions to improve perinatal care strategies in high-risk populations.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 11:32:09 UTC.
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Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy of Open Dentinal Tubules on Application of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite: An In Vitro Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Dentinal hypersensitivity is an enigmatic problem that has long bewildered the dental profession and is one domain where man has not yet achieved the elusive “gold standards” of management. Recently, lasers have been used owning to their various modes of action to reduce hypersensitivity. Thus, the aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate and compare the effect diode laser along with and without Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite powder on occlusion of dentinal tubules under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methodology Twenty specimens were obtained from dentin discs of 2 mm thickness prepared from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) portion of 20 extracted human third molar teeth. The specimens were divided in to four groups of 5 specimens each. The specimens were etched in 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds to simulate hypersensitivity condition. Specimens in Group 1 (control) received no further treatment. Group 2 (DL) specimens received irradiation with 810 nm diode laser at an output power of 1 W for 60 seconds in continuous wave, non-contact mode. Specimens in Group 3 received treatment with a single application of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder alone, whereas, Group 4 received a combination treatment of Diode laser irradiation followed by application of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder. Results The average tubular diameter of dentinal tubules observed in the specimens belonging to Group 1 (control) was 3.14 microns, and in the Group 2 (diode laser) the average dentinal tubular diameter to be 2.28 microns. Mean diameter of dentinal tubules in Group 3 (nanoHA alone) was 2.41 microns. The specimens belonging to Group 4 (DL + nanoHA) showed average dentinal tubular diameter were 1.74 microns. Conclusion The single application of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder and diode laser irradiation, showed significantly greater tubular occlusion and increased reduction in dentinal tubular diameters showing greater potential in occluding open dentinal tubules when compared to diode laser alone.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 11:25:18 UTC.
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Health Expenditures and Social Sustainability in Nigeria: A Disaggregated Grossman Analysis of Short-Run Gains and Long-Run Paradoxes [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]
Background Global health expenditure has increased dramatically in the past decades, yet poor health outcomes in many emerging markets, including Nigeria, pose efficiency and sustainability questions in health financing. Nigeria exemplifies such paradox: with increased health spending, life expectancy has declined, while infant mortality is elevated, jeopardising Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) attainment. This research examines how disaggregated health financing segments: health expenditure per capita, recurrent health expenditure, capital health expenditure, and out-of-pocket health spending (OPHS) impact life expectancy and infant mortality as health outcomes linked to social sustainability. Methods By utilising annual time series from 1990-2023 through the use of an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) panel to address potential endogeneities, short- as well as long-run impacts are accounted for. Results Results indicate that per capita, recurrent and capital expenditures are significant in enhancing life expectancy in the long run, whereas all the financing segments are absent from having any statistically significant long-run impact on infant mortality. Paradoxical short-run mortality increases are observed in relation to increased recurrent as well as capital expenditures, which is indicative of inefficiencies as well as misappropriation. OPHS has mixed short-run impacts, as well as is insignificant in the long run, which accentuates its regressive burden. Conclusions The study concludes that financing volume alone is insufficient; expenditure composition, governance, and institutional reforms are critical to achieving socially sustainable health outcomes. Policy recommendations include reducing OPHS reliance, prioritising primary healthcare, and embedding sustainability principles in health financing so as to align Nigeria’s health system with SDG 3 targets by 2030.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 11:18:27 UTC.
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Establishing central Research Software Engineering units in German research institutions [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Abstract* This position paper urges decision makers in Germany to establish central Research Software Engineering (RSE) units within their institutions. The focus is not put primarily on the establishment of RSE services in general, as this has been done already elsewhere. Instead, we highlight central RSE units. Motivation for their existence is discussed, underpinned by working examples both in neighbouring fields as well as outside of Germany. The heart of this paper is a vision of a central RSE unit, its structure, and the definition of nine core support modules such a unity may provide. An initial survey finds that there is considerable diversity within the module distribution, even within the few considered groups. We discuss initial observations on possible clusters, but further studies are needed. Finally, we discuss realisation strategies. While this paper focuses mostly on the German academic environment, some general strategies should also apply elsewhere.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:52:55 UTC.
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Development and characterization of pseudotype-based microneutralization assay to assess functionality of anti-rabies protein G antibodies [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic zoonotic pathogen responsible for an estimated 60,000 human deaths annually. Despite widespread vaccination programs, rabies remains a substantial public health burden, particularly in regions with limited access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Standard serological assays for evaluating rabies vaccine immunogenicity, including the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) and the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) test, require live virus handling under biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) conditions, limiting their scalability and broader implementation. Methods We developed and characterized a pseudotype-based microneutralization assay using a lentiviral HIV-1 backbone to generate pseudotyped viral particles expressing glycoproteins from three antigenically distinct rabies virus strains: CTN-1 V5, CVS-11, and Pasteur. Neutralization assays were performed under BSL-2 conditions, and assay performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and suitability for high-throughput applications. Results The pseudotype-based assay enabled sensitive and reproducible detection of rabies virus–neutralizing antibodies across the three glycoprotein variants. The platform demonstrated robust performance under BSL-2 containment, supporting efficient and scalable testing. Inclusion of antigenically distinct strains broadened detection capacity and improved the assessment of strain-specific neutralizing responses. Conclusions This pseudotype-based microneutralization assay represents a safe, flexible, and scalable alternative to conventional live-virus neutralization tests. By enabling high-throughput rabies serology under BSL-2 conditions, this platform supports vaccine evaluation and seroepidemiological surveillance, particularly in settings where BSL-3 infrastructure is limited.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:47:30 UTC.
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Perceptions of Virtual Reality Integration in Nursing and Midwifery Education: Insights from Educators [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly recognised as a promising tool in health professions education, offering immersive environments that support clinical skills development and decision-making. Despite its potential, limited evidence exists on educators’ perceptions of VR integration, particularly in resource-variable contexts. Objective This study explored nursing and midwifery educators’ perceptions of VR integration within their clinical training, examining perceived benefits, implementation challenges, and strategies for sustainable curricular incorporation. Methods A qualitative descriptive design guided by Kirkpatrick’s Four-Level Training Evaluation Model was employed, the study conducted four focus group discussions with 22 nurse educators from two purposively selected South African universities, one urban with established VR infrastructure and one rural institution with limited resources. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four themes emerged: (1) immersive educational benefits and enhanced student learning; (2) high-value applications and curricular integration; (3) essential facilitation strategies for sustainability and (4) implementation challenges and barriers. VR was perceived as a powerful complementary tool, not a replacement for clinical practice. Conclusion Sustainable VR integration requires intentional pedagogical alignment, institutional support, and policy embedding. Findings inform best-practice guidelines for VR adoption in nursing and midwifery education across diverse contexts.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:44:11 UTC.
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Emerging Technologies in Higher Education Course Development: A Systematic Review of Design Frameworks, Learning Outcomes, and Pedagogical Integration [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
This review explored the impact of technology on course design, student learning outcomes, and engagement in higher education. The major enablers and barriers to implementation are also discussed. Following the PRISMA 2020 procedure, the systematic review integrated findings from 76 peer-reviewed empirical studies from 1996 to 2025. A mixed-method narrative and quantitative synthesis supported by statistical conversions to standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d) to enable cross-study comparison was used. Results showed that technology-involved instruction could be most effective with integration of an existing instructional design model. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK); Utilization of Constructive Alignment (CA); Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate (ADDIE), Design-Based Research (DBR) revealed moderate-to-high effects on learning outcome (d = 0.65-0.74), while deep learning model with embedded artificial intelligence (AI) and mixed/extended reality (MR) reported the highest effect (d = 1.30). For technology categories, the strongest effects on learning and engagement observed at immersive technologies (AR/VR/MR) (g = 0.98), followed by AI, and learning analytics (g = 0.62), and game-based learning (g = 0.71). Improvement in engagement was common across studies, while long-term behavioral and transfer effects were little observed. Success indicators identified were pedagogical alignment, institutional readiness, faculty competence, learner preparedness, whereas the challenges were infrastructure constraints, digital divides, and inadequate longitudinal evaluation. Synthesizing these through the lens of socio-technical systems perspective, results indicate that educational effectiveness is outcome of the relationship between technological affordances, pedagogical design, and organizational capacity.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:40:41 UTC.
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ANA Investigates: Debates in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and the PENS Trial
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-12 10:30:39 UTC.
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Differential PTSD Symptom Cluster Profiles by Trauma Exposure Modality in Community-Dwelling Vietnamese Older Adults [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background PTSD in community-dwelling older adults remains under-recognized in post-conflict, low- and middle-income countries such as Vietnam, where mental health services have predominantly targeted direct trauma survivors. Whether distinct PTSD symptom cluster profiles emerge across different exposure modalities has not been examined. Methods This cross-sectional secondary analysis used data from the Vietnam Health and Aging Study (VHAS, 2021–2022). Of 296 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 with documented trauma exposure, 147 with complete Criterion A subtype data were classified as any direct exposure (n = 130) and indirect-only exposure (n = 17). PCL-5 cluster scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. Logistic regression adjusted for cumulative trauma burden examined whether exposure modality predicted clinical PTSD (PCL-5 ≥ 11). Results Total PCL-5 scores did not differ significantly between the indirect-only and any direct exposure groups (mean 8.82 ± 12.98 vs. 5.10 ± 9.68; U = 997.5, p = 0.467). In exploratory cluster-level comparisons, only Avoidance (Cluster C) differed significantly (mean 1.35 ± 2.09 vs. 0.56 ± 1.53; U = 826.5, p = 0.013). The proportion meeting clinical PTSD threshold was higher in the indirect-only group (41.2% vs. 17.7%; OR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.12–9.45). After adjustment for cumulative trauma burden, the association persisted (AOR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.16–10.00, p = 0.025). Conclusions Among community-dwelling older Vietnamese adults, indirect-only trauma exposure was associated with elevated avoidance symptoms (Cluster C) and approximately threefold higher odds of clinical PTSD relative to direct exposure, independent of cumulative trauma burden. Total severity did not differ, suggesting exposure modality may shape symptom structure rather than overall burden. These findings warrant cautious interpretation given the small indirect-only subgroup (n = 17), wide confidence intervals, and cross-sectional design; replication in larger prospective samples is needed before clinical recommendations can be made.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:30:26 UTC.
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ECGSim-Advanced: An Open-Source Interactive Simulator for Teaching Electrolyte, Conduction, and Repolarization Abnormalities in Electrocardiography [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Interpreting electrocardiogram (ECG) changes associated with electrolyte disturbances, atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks, and hereditary or acquired QT syndromes is a critical skill in clinical medicine. Interactive simulation tools can greatly aid in understanding these complex ECG manifestations. We present ECGSim-Advanced, an R Shiny application designed for dynamic simulation of these specific conditions, providing a focused educational experience. Methods ECGSim-Advanced is developed in R using the Shiny framework for its interactive user interface and `ggplot2` for ECG visualization. The application mathematically generates ECG waveforms (P, QRS, T, and U waves) using Gaussian functions. Users can select simulation modes for “Normal Sinus Rhythm,” “Electrolyte Imbalance (Potassium, Calcium),” “AV Blocks (1st Degree, 2nd Degree Mobitz I & II, 3rd Degree),” and “QT Syndromes (Long QT, Short QT).” Specific parameters for each condition (e.g. ST-segment/QT interval changes for calcium and QT syndromes) are modelled based on established electrocardiographic criteria. Results The application features a user-friendly interface allowing real-time manipulation of parameters such as heart rate, electrolyte levels (hypo−/hyper-kalaemia/calcaemia), AV block type, and target QTc interval. The generated ECG trace is displayed dynamically, mimicking standard ECG paper with adjustable speed and gain. On-screen callipers facilitate interval and amplitude measurements. The tool provides dynamically updated “Simulated Intervals/Info” and “Key ECG Findings & Educational Notes” relevant to the selected condition. An extensive library of clinical vignettes, each with case scenarios, questions, and detailed explanations, allows users to apply their knowledge and test interpretation skills. Conclusion ECGSim-Advanced serves as an accessible, open-source educational tool for medical students, trainees, and healthcare professionals to enhance their understanding of ECG manifestations in common and critical electrolyte, conduction, and repolarization disorders. Its interactive nature, focused simulation modes, and integrated clinical vignettes promote active learning and diagnostic reasoning. Therefore, this tool can enhance ECG literacy in cardiology training programs globally.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:25:32 UTC.
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A hypothesis: FN3KRP (Fructosamine-3-Kinase-Related Protein) phosphorylates intermediates downstream from fructosamines in the pathway leading from glucose to glucosepane. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Fructosamine-3-kinase is a deglycating enzyme that reverses the glycation reaction by phosphorylating the first stable Maillard intermediate, fructosamine, to fructosamine-3-phosphate, thereby causing decomposition of that glycation adduct. In this paper I propose that a close homolog of that kinase, fructosamine-3-phosphate-related protein, phosphorylates 3-ketosamine, a Maillard intermediate downstream from fructosamine, to 3-ketosamine-4-phosphate. This phosphorylation causes decomposition of the 3-ketosamine intermediate, providing thereby another mechanism for reversing the Maillard reaction.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:20:43 UTC.
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Corporate Sustainability, Environmental and Financial Performance in Emerging Markets: An Empirical Approach from the Colombian Manufacturing Industry [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Sustainability has become an important component of corporate strategy, especially in manufacturing industries. However, the literature has not reached a consensus on the relationship between investments in environmentally friendly forms of production and firm performance. This study examines how sustainability is related to the financial and environmental performance of firms in the Colombian manufacturing industry. Methods This study uses two data sources from the National Administrative Department of Statistics of Colombia: the Annual Manufacturing Survey and the Industrial Environmental Survey. The analysis focuses on 2018–2019, when detailed information is available on investments in renewable energy self-generation and in forms of production that reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy sources. The empirical strategy is based on fixed-effects regressions and heterogeneity analysis by investment size. Results Investment in sustainable forms of production is associated with both positive and negative aspects of firm performance. Firms investing in sustainability show better outcomes in value added per worker, wages per worker, and productivity. However, they also tend to have lower return on assets and, in some cases, lower sales performance. The results also show heterogeneity by investment size: firms with low investment tend to perform poorly in most measures, while firms with high investment show improvements in several performance indicators. In addition, firms investing in sustainable forms of production tend to have higher energy consumption and higher carbon dioxide emissions per worker. Conclusions The relationship between sustainability and firm performance is heterogeneous and depends on investment size. Although higher investment levels are associated with better financial performance in several dimensions, they are also associated with higher energy use and emissions. These results highlight a tension between financial and environmental performance in the Colombian manufacturing industry.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:12:22 UTC.
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Relation of Anxiety Levels and Objective Structured Clinical Examination among Undergraduate Nursing Students [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]
Background The incidence of stress and anxiety among nursing students is observed across all academic years of their educational training. Although Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are helpful in healthcare education, they can be anxiety-inducing. This study aimed to assess the anxiety level among nursing students during the OSCE exams. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on a purposive sample by distributing an online survey among students from an undergraduate nursing program. Anxiety levels were measured using the State-trait anxiety inventory, including the subscales of the state and trait of anxiety. Results A total of 121 students with a mean age of 22.2 years (SD +/-3.6) participated in the study. The majority of the participants, 72.7%, were females, and 27.3% were males. Before attending the OSCE, 58.7% of the participants reported a mild degree of anxiety, 33.1% had a moderate level of anxiety, and only 8.3% had a severe level of trait anxiety. Conclusions The findings highlight the complex interplay between sociodemographic factors, academic performance, work-study balance, and anxiety levels among nursing students preparing for high-stakes assessments like the OSCE. Addressing anxiety levels among nursing students preparing for OSCE assessments requires a multifaceted approach that considers individual characteristics, academic performance, and external stressors.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:07:34 UTC.
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Estimation of Firm Labour Productivity and Sales Growth from Artificial Intelligence in Sub-Saharan African Countries [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
The fast integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into business operations and labour processes is reshaping global economic landscapes. The study examines the effects of AI adoption on labour productivity and sales growth in selected sub-Saharan African countries using a firm-level dataset from the World Bank Enterprises from 2007 to 2024. The study employs feasible generalised least squares (FGLS), robust ordinary least squares (OLS), and high-dimensional fixed effects (HDFE) linear regression techniques. The results show that AI has a significant positive relationship with firm labour productivity and sales growth in the selected sub-Saharan African countries. However, nuances differ across countries due to varying industrial structures. Results vary across the 10 selected countries due to differences in technological readiness. These results underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions, such as upskilling initiatives and supportive regulatory frameworks, to harness AI’s benefits while mitigating adverse impacts on workers. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on technology adoption in developing economies, offering policymakers and business leaders in sub-Saharan Africa valuable insights.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 10:02:05 UTC.
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Nuclear pore complex distribution on the nuclear envelope: Insights into curvature, chromatin, and actin contributions
Author(s): Hugo Lachuer, Orestis Faklaris, Sylvie Hénon, Fabien Montel, and David Pereira
The Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is an ancestral feature of eukaryotic cells, essential for the exchange of material and information between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. While typical eukaryotic cells harbor thousands of NPCs covering the nuclear surface, a quantitative characterization of their spatial…
[Phys. Rev. E 113, 054407] Published Tue May 12, 2026
in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2026-05-12 10:00:00 UTC.
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EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANDIBULAR PLANE AND LOWER OCCLUSAL PLANE IN FULLY DENTULOUS PATIENTS [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Purpose The inclination of the occlusal plane is important for diagnostic purposes, and it also acts as a guideline for designing occlusal rehabilitation therapies. When all teeth are lost, different landmarks have been employed to establish the occlusal plane. Hence, this study aims to compare the mandibular plane with the lower occlusal plane in dentulous patients. Methods A digital photograph of the right and left facial profiles was obtained of the angle between the intraoral occlusal plane (represented by a modified Fox plane) and mandibular plane (represented by a metallic scale placed on the lower border of the mandible) in a standard position. The angle was calculated using Microdicom software, and results were statistically analysed using Mann Whitney U test. Results The average angle between the occlusal plane and mandibular plane was 6 degrees and the difference in angle between the right and left sides was not statistically significant. Conclusions The lower occlusal and mandibular plane though not parallel to each other clinically, may serve as an initial guide in the establishment of the occlusal plane.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 09:56:59 UTC.
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From Enforcement to Resilience: Evaluating Indonesia's One Roof Enforcement System to Combat Illegal Fishing in the North Natuna Sea [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the North Natuna Sea represents a complex governance challenge situated at the intersection of geopolitical contestation, transnational economic dynamics, and institutional fragmentation. As a strategically contested maritime space, the region exposes limitations in conventional enforcement-based approaches. Indonesia has responded through the establishment of Task Force 115 under a one roof enforcement system, integrating multiple maritime agencies to strengthen law enforcement. However, the extent to which this approach contributes to long-term maritime resilience remains underexplored. Methods This study adopts a qualitative case study design to evaluate Indonesia’s multi-agency enforcement model. Data were collected through 15 semi-structured interviews with key informants from maritime enforcement institutions, document analysis of regulatory and operational frameworks, and limited participatory observation. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis guided by the OECD policy evaluation framework, encompassing relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability, and interpreted through a maritime resilience perspective. Results The findings show that the one roof enforcement system enhances horizontal coordination, reduces institutional overlap, and strengthens short-term deterrence capacity. This is evidenced by increased vessel apprehensions and a temporary decline in foreign fishing activities during periods of intensified patrol operations. However, policy performance remains highly dependent on resource inputs, including budget allocation, technological support, and political prioritization. While Indonesia demonstrates strong absorptive capacity in responding to maritime violations, adaptive capacity remains limited due to insufficient institutional learning and technological integration, and transformative capacity is constrained by weak incorporation of community-based fisheries governance and broader structural reforms. Conclusions Indonesia’s multi-agency enforcement model constitutes a necessary but insufficient foundation for achieving sustainable maritime resilience. Long-term effectiveness requires a transition from enforcement-centric governance toward adaptive, integrated, and resilience-based policy approaches. Strengthening institutional continuity, technological modernization, cross-sectoral integration, and community engagement is essential to address IUU fishing in contested maritime environments.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 09:53:06 UTC.
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Assessing Syrian Pharmacy Faculty, Students, and Graduates' Understanding of Institutional Quality Assessment Tools and Readiness for International Accreditation: A Cross-sectional Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Quality assessment plays a critical role in improving the quality of higher education and ensuring institutional effectiveness. In Syria, where universities face multiple challenges, assessing awareness of quality assessment tools in pharmaceutical education is essential to support international accreditation efforts. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Syrian pharmacy faculties. Data were collected from 107 faculty members, 335 pharmacy students, and 107 graduates using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results The overall mean scores for awareness of quality assessment tools were 3.38 ± 0.76 among faculty members, 3.05 ± 0.45 among students, and 3.09 ± 0.60 among graduates, indicating predominantly neutral perceptions across the study groups. Overall, 91.43% of responses reflected a neutral level of knowledge regarding quality assessment tools, while 7.14% indicated agreement and only 1.43% indicated disagreement. The lowest mean scores were observed in specific domains, particularly Scientific research among faculty members (M = 2.09 ± 0.86) and community service and academic ethics among graduates (M = 2.65 ± 0.73). These findings indicate that awareness of quality assessment tools remains limited among key stakeholders in Syrian pharmacy faculties. Conclusions These findings reveal limited knowledge of quality assessment tools among faculty members, students, and graduates in Syrian pharmacy faculties. This gap may negatively affect the effectiveness of the educational process, the professionalism of graduates, and consequently the quality of care delivered to patients.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 09:40:50 UTC.
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Brunner's Glands in the Duodenal Bulb Are Indirectly Innervated by Vagal Preganglionics That Connect With Cholinergic Enteric Neurons in the Myenteric Plexus
A recent claim that vagal preganglionic neurons located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) directly innervate Brunner's glands in the duodenal bulb could not be confirmed. Consistent with the canonical view of parasympathetic/vagal innervation, all vagal preganglionic neurons synapse on enteric neurons located in myenteric ganglia, which in turn provide cholinergic innervation of the Brunner's glands either directly or indirectly.
ABSTRACT
Canonical parasympathetic innervation of tissues/organs is accomplished by two in-series neurons, often called pre- and postganglionic neurons. Such two-neuron in-series organization has recently been challenged by claiming direct vagal preganglionic innervation of Brunner's glands (BGs) in the duodenal bulb, as well as the spleen, and the liver. To resolve this controversial issue, we labeled vagal preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) by injecting a Cre-dependent AAV construct to express tdTomato in ChAT-IRES-Cre transgenic mice and analyzed the distribution of labeled fibers in the duodenal bulb. We found that labeled vagal preganglionic fibers terminate exclusively in myenteric ganglia but not in or between BGs. This lack of direct BG innervation is unlikely to result from incomplete labeling of vagal preganglionic neurons, as the entire extent of the DMV was well covered by bilateral injections, and there were abundant vagal axons and terminals in the gastric myenteric plexus and other vagal targets. BGs were innervated by a consistent supply of cholinergic (VAChT-positive) and sparsely by adrenergic (TH-positive) nerve fibers. There was also a moderate supply of vagal afferents anterogradely traced from the nodose ganglia and CGRP-positive fibers. We conclude that BGs in the mouse are not directly innervated by vagal preganglionic neurons of DMV origin but receive cholinergic innervation from myenteric plexus neurons serving as postganglionic neurons. Further experiments will be necessary to clarify the issue for other vagal targets.
in Journal of Comparative Neurology on 2026-05-12 09:33:39 UTC.
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Sustainability in the Food Industry: Trends, Thematic Axes, and Emerging Topics from a Bibliometric Analysis [version 3; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]
With increasing concern about the environmental and social impacts of the food industry, sustainability has become a central focus of scientific research. To better understand how this field has evolved, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to identify publication trends, key themes, and emerging topics. The analysis was based on data from Scopus and Web of Science and examined the evolution of scientific output related to sustainability in the food industry. Methods included keyword co-occurrence analysis, assessments of country and author productivity, and thematic evolution analysis. In addition, a Cartesian framework was used to classify key terms according to their relevance and recency. The results show an exponential growth in scientific output, with notable increases in 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023, reaching a statistical significance of 99.65%. Three main country clusters were identified, with the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy standing out for their productivity and impact. At the author level, Mangla and Luthra were the most productive, while Land, Beske, and Van Der Vorst had the greatest impact on the field. Thematic evolution analysis revealed a transition from early research focused on “soil erosion” to more recent themes such as “circular economy,” “supply chain management,” “food safety,” and “wastewater treatment.” The keyword co-occurrence network identified seven thematic clusters, with the most prominent cluster centered on “sustainability,” “waste management,” and “short supply chain.” Emerging topics included “Covid-19,” “blockchain,” and the “agri-food sector.” Overall, the study demonstrates a clear evolution and diversification of sustainability research in the food industry, underscoring the importance of emerging topics and international collaboration. It also proposes a multidisciplinary research agenda that prioritizes food security, sustainable agriculture, and supply chain management, and emphasizes the integration of innovative technologies to address current environmental, economic, and social challenges.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 09:31:26 UTC.
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Exposure Injuries in an Academic Institution: Frequency and factors influencing post exposure management [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]
Aim Exposure injuries pose significant health risks to health care providers. Dentists are considered to be at high risk of occupational exposure, especially needlestick injuries. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of exposure-injuries (EI) and the factors influencing post exposure management in an academic setting in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods This retrospective study extracted information related to exposure injuries reported by dental care providers and staff working in an academic institution between 2016 and 2022. The chi-square test was used to measure the association between the study variables, and the statistical significance (p value) was set at < 0.05. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Software Version 23). Results A total of 100 EI were reported over a period of six years. These injuries mainly occurred during afternoon sessions (55%), were significantly more common in females (62.2%, p=0.013) and students (55.6%, p=0.002), and were mainly caused by needle pricks (71.9%, p= 0.016). Immediate post exposure management and serological tests were performed by 85% and 86.6%, respectively, and were implemented significantly more frequently if the incidence occurred in the morning clinical session (p=0.035). Post exposure management was reported by females more than males (p=0.0130). Conclusion Frequency of exposure injuries was high and more common among females and students. Post exposure management was influenced by factors such as sex, cause of injury, and time of occurrence. There is an urgent need for continuous training in the handling of sharps and the implementation of engineering controls.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 09:25:44 UTC.
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Exploring Creative Pedagogies in Higher Education: Creative Posters and the Quest of Enhancing Students’ Understanding of Southeast Asian Geopolitical Dynamics [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]
In teaching international relations (IR) subjects, lecturers struggle to find a teaching method to enhance students’ skills. Expected to be equipped with negotiation, oral communication, research, and writing skills, the demand to re-evaluate the teaching methods undertaken in IR undergraduate classrooms has never been more urgent. This exploratory teaching note looks into the prospects of adopting alternative approaches in the form of creative posters to shift the power of learning into the hands of students. Situated within the discourse of student-centered learning’s continuum and problem-based learning method, this study provides guidelines for lecturers teaching Southeast Asian studies on measures adaptable to enhance the learning experience of undergraduate students. Several points recommended include teaching methods adopted in the earlier weeks as the foundation of knowledge concerning the Southeast Asian region’s dynamics, freedom for students to elect problem-based questions as the basis of a creative poster’s theme, flexibility of substantive and features visualized in the posters, and the presentation of posters to the class at the end of the subject term. Doing so colud allow students to grasp complex theories, concepts, and empirical cases of Southeast Asia, which includes the South China Sea, exertion of great power influences in the region, environmental degradations, non-traditional security threats, challenges to enhancing human rights, and the relevance of regional organizations amid contemporary challenges encountered by Southeast Asian states.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 08:22:37 UTC.
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Effect of Small Nucleolar RNA H/ACA Box 64 (SNORA64) on Apoptosis Regulator Genes in Pancreatic Cancer in Vitro [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
Background Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis and is highly aggressive and deadly. Most pancreatic cancer diagnoses are adenocarcinomas, which account for more than 90 % of all cases. Developing effective therapeutic strategies requires an understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with pancreatic cancer progression. Small nucleolar RNA H/ACA Box 64 (SNORA64) was presented as a predictive marker for pancreatic cancer stages in our previous study. SNORA64 showed a gradual loss of its expression throughout the carcinogenesis process, and it inhibited metastasis by interfering with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we investigated the role of SNORA64 on an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in pancreatic cancers by using human pancreatic cell line derived from adenocarcinoma PK-8 with SNORA64 knockdown and the scramble to compare with. Methods QPCR techniques used to measure the gene expression level of apoptosis related genes and cell viability assay using trypan blue exclusion are implanted in this study as investigational methods. Results Pk-8 SNORA64 knockdown shows a significant low expression of tumor suppressor P53 in contrast to the scramble control cell line. Pk-8 SNORA64 knockdown shows significantly high expression of anti-apoptotic genes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCl2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (BCL-Xl) in contrast to the scramble control cell line. Conversely, the pro-apoptotic genes BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID), BCL2 Associated X (BAX), and BCL2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) show significantly low expression compared to the scramble control. However, there is no change in the expression of BAD and BIM in Pk-8 with SNORA64 knockdown compared to the scrambled control cell line. Furthermore, the Pk-8 with SNORA64 knockdown shows a significant high proliferation rate and viability percentage compared to the scramble control cell line. Conclusion The downregulation of SNORA64 affects apoptosis pathways by manipulating pro- and anti-apoptotic gene regulators. The SNORA64 interactions with apoptotic inhibitor molecules and downregulation of pro-apoptotic molecules significantly sustain cellular viability. Therefore; SNORA64 may serve as a sensitizer to apoptosis-inducing therapies.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 07:37:32 UTC.
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What Drives Indonesian People to Purchase Modest Fashion? The Moderating Role of Religiosity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]
Purpose This study aims to examine how religiosity moderates the influence of attitude and electronic word of mouth (E-WOM) on purchase decisions in Indonesia’s modest fashion market. It seeks to provide empirical evidence on how cognitive, social, and spiritual factors interact in shaping Muslim consumers’ purchasing behavior. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research approach was employed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with data collected from 320 Muslim consumers in Jakarta and surrounding areas. The constructs (attitude, E-WOM, religiosity, and purchase decision) were measured using validated multi-item scales adapted from previous studies. Findings The results indicate that both attitude and E-WOM have significant positive effects on purchase decisions, with E-WOM being the most dominant factor. Religiosity exerts a direct positive influence and strengthens the relationship between attitude and purchase decision, but does not moderate the effect of E-WOM. These findings highlight that while religiosity enhances value-driven behavior, digital influence transcends religious intensity. Practical implications The study suggests that modest fashion marketers should integrate syariah-compliant values with credible digital engagement strategies to foster consumer trust and loyalty. Balancing faith-based authenticity with modern digital communication can enhance brand relevance in the halal fashion market. Originality/value This study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by incorporating religiosity as a moderating factor within the context of Islamic consumer behavior. It contributes to the growing body of Islamic marketing literature by revealing how faith and digital interaction jointly shape purchase decisions in the modest fashion industry.in F1000Research on 2026-05-12 07:14:48 UTC.
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Sequence preparation is not always associated with a reaction time cost
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1398-1407, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:44:00 UTC.
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Impact of tongue exercise on hypoglossal axis survival, structure, and output in a rodent model of hypoglossal motor neuron degeneration
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1421-1436, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:43:58 UTC.
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Flexible integration of natural stimuli by auditory cortical neurons
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1385-1397, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:43:56 UTC.
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Dopaminergic modulation of low- and high-spontaneous rate type I auditory nerve fiber activity
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1369-1384, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:43:54 UTC.
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The timing of LIP remapping is consistent with a wave of activity and brings into question the relevance of the pre-saccadic remapped response
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1408-1420, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:43:51 UTC.
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Motoneuron excitability in Parkinson’s disease: effects of dopaminergic medication
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1360-1368, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-12 05:43:49 UTC.
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Neuronal STAT1 as a phase switch from antiviral defense to synaptopathy in encephalitis
Interferon signaling is essential for antiviral defense in the central nervous system, yet sustained neuronal STAT1 phosphorylation (pSTAT1) can promote immune-mediated synaptic and network injury. In this opinion article, we argue that neuronal pSTAT1 functions as a context-dependent switch across viral and autoimmune encephalitis, shifting from antiviral protection to durable synaptopathy and excitability changes when interferon signaling persists. Integrating mechanistic, epigenomic, and translational evidence from mouse models and human neuropathology, we propose that prolonged neuronal pSTAT1 drives a durable synaptopathic program by silencing synaptic gene networks and epigenetic ‘locking’ of dysfunctional circuits. We discuss therapeutic opportunities and risks of targeting the JAK–STAT1 axis, emphasizing the trade-off between neuroprotection and antiviral immunity.in Trends in Neurosciences: In press on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Secreted GPNMB enhances uptake of fibrillar alpha-synuclein in a non-cell-autonomous process that can be blocked by anti-GPNMB antibodies
GPNMB, encoded by a Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk gene, is secreted by microglia in response to neuronal damage. Microglia-derived GPNMB can enhance uptake of pathological forms of alpha-synuclein—the hallmark disease protein in PD—by neurons, driving development of disease pathology. This cycle can be blocked by anti-GPNMB antibodies.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Synaptic plasticity of prefrontal long-range inhibition regulates cognitive flexibility
Zhu et al. identify a form of inhibitory synaptic plasticity in which learning an extradimensional rule shift potentiates callosal projections from prefrontal parvalbumin neurons. Bidirectional manipulations can disrupt or rescue both plasticity and learning, revealing a synaptic substrate underlying cognitive flexibility that could be targeted to treat neuropsychiatric conditions.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Behavioral phenotypes and neuronal biomarkers in F1 mutant macaque model of SHANK3-associated autism spectrum disorders
Jiang et al. generated a large cohort of F1 heterozygous SHANK3 mutant macaques. Detailed phenotype analysis dives into autism-related behavioral, physiological, and cognitive changes in an unbiased manner. The results delineated the heterogeneity of spectrum phenotypes and established feasible biomarkers.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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SST interneurons facilitate dendritic calcium signaling via tonic activation of α5-GABA receptors
Chiu et al. found that activation of SST-expressing interneurons induces tonic currents through dendritic α5-containing GABA receptors in pyramidal neurons of the neocortex. Tonic GABAergic hyperpolarization deinactivates dendritic voltage-gated calcium channels, enhancing calcium influx during action potentials. Increased dendritic calcium signaling facilitates calcium- and endocannabinoid-dependent inhibitory synaptic plasticity.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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HOXD11-NMDAR signaling drives neuroendocrine prostate cancer and enables potential therapeutic intervention as a target of memantine
Wu et al. find the early molecular events underpinning NEPC initiation and establish HOXD11 as an essential regulator of lineage transition. The findings show a fundamental HOXD11-NMDAR regulatory axis driving neuroendocrine differentiation and provide compelling preclinical and early clinical evidence supporting memantine as a readily deployable therapeutic strategy.in Cell Reports: Current Issue on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Extensive conformational and physical plasticity protects HER2-HER3 tumorigenic signaling
(Cell Reports 38, 110285; February 1, 2022)in Cell Reports: Current Issue on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Author Correction: Predictive coding of reward in the hippocampus
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10615-3
Author Correction: Predictive coding of reward in the hippocampusin Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Author Correction: A mechanical ratchet drives unilateral cytokinesis
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10618-0
Author Correction: A mechanical ratchet drives unilateral cytokinesisin Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Cruise-ship hantavirus cluster exposes a wider preparedness gap
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01518-4
Cruise-ship hantavirus cluster exposes a wider preparedness gapin Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Charles Darwin reports a squirrel surprise
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01334-w
An unexpected creature munches on cherry blossom flowers, and the value of drawing art is considered in this week’s pick from the Nature archive.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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UK Biobank breach prompts the field of genomics to rethink open science
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01520-w
UK Biobank breach prompts the field of genomics to rethink open sciencein Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Ice core reveals longest-ever continuous record of Earth’s climate
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01523-7
Data from Antarctica could help to solve the mystery of why ice ages were so brutal.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Animal-testing alternatives will require a cultural change in research institutions
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01519-3
Animal-testing alternatives will require a cultural change in research institutionsin Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Chemistry in the AI era
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01521-9
Chemistry in the AI erain Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Bacterial−viral conflicts shape cholera evolution
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01156-w
Genomics and experimental data suggest that an evolutionary arms race between cholera-causing bacteria and their viral predators shapes the disease in humans.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Science can take the lead in making better measures of economic growth
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01474-z
The United Nations wants scientists to help design indicators of progress that go beyond GDP. Researchers should seize the chance and be aware of past failures.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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How to vibe code in science: early adopters share their tips
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01477-w
Using AI coding tools can speed up your work, but there are plenty of pitfalls.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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AI bills can be as big as a postdoc salary. Is the cost worth it?
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01369-z
Recent price hikes, usage limitations and unreliable outputs are causing some scientific researchers to think twice about using artificial intelligence.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Open data is key to genomics research — if the information can be kept safe
Nature, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01475-y
Trust is no longer enough: secure data sharing requires international collaboration across institutions and governments.in Nature on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Optics-free spatial genomics for mapping mammalian brain aging by IRISeq
Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02293-1
The authors developed an optics-free spatial genomics method to map mouse brain aging, revealing region-specific inflammation and showing that lymphocytes promote harmful interferon signaling, whereas their loss preserves ependymal cells and reshapes glial states.in Nature Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Individual differences in prosocial learning are represented in the hippocampal dorsal CA1
Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02292-2
La Greca and colleagues show that by witnessing a conspecific’s actions, mice learn how actions can lead to shared food, forming flexible social action–outcome associations that require dorsal CA1 and bias future prosocial or selfish behaviors.in Nature Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Mapping the molecular effects of Down syndrome in the developing brain
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01050-4
Two studies use single-nucleus multiomic sequencing to profile molecular and cellular dysfunction in the prenatal and early postnatal cortex in Down syndrome.in Nature Reviews on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Isotropic shrinkage of patterned vacancies enables three-dimensional nanoprecise metastructures for visible light applications
Nature Photonics, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41566-026-01896-1
A method that combines photopatterning with 10-fold shrinkage can fabricate three-dimensional metastructures with nanoscale features for applications with visible light.in Nature Photomics on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Preserved rotations in solids
Nature Physics, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41567-026-03248-w
A seemingly still crystal is alive with synchronized atomic motions. Now, angular momentum has been observed flowing coherently between distinct lattice vibrational modes, revealing a hidden propagation of rotational features inside the crystal.in Nature Physics on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Higher-order harmonics in Josephson tunnel junctions due to series inductance
Nature Physics, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41567-026-03285-5
Deviations from the textbook current–phase relationship of a Josephson junction can arise from the intrinsic physics of the junction, but also from the inductance of metallic traces. Now a scheme has been developed to distinguish these cases.in Nature Physics on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Laser mode braiding on a chip
Nature Physics, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41567-026-03288-2
Non-Hermitian systems support non-trivial topological effects, yet eigenvalue braiding remains difficult to control and observe. Now, active tuning of laser modes enables programmable and directly observable braiding on an integrated photonic chip.in Nature Physics on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Observation of angular momentum transfer among crystal lattice modes
Nature Physics, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41567-026-03274-8
How angular momentum is exchanged and conserved among lattice modes has been difficult to measure experimentally, but has now been observed via a coherent three-phonon scattering process in a topological insulator.in Nature Physics on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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A multi-organ atlas of microcirculatory signatures for systemic profiling of diabetic and therapeutic states
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07430-w
A multi-organ atlas of microcirculatory signatures for systemic profiling of diabetic and therapeutic statesin Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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The GEOS/ECCO C1440-LLC2160 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Simulation Dataset
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07349-2
The GEOS/ECCO C1440-LLC2160 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Simulation Datasetin Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Full-range (VNIR–SWIR–MWIR–LWIR) mineral and VNIR water spectra with co-located geochemistry from an acid mine drainage (AMD) site (Kirki, NE Greece)
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07307-y
Full-range (VNIR–SWIR–MWIR–LWIR) mineral and VNIR water spectra with co-located geochemistry from an acid mine drainage (AMD) site (Kirki, NE Greece)in Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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A Dataset for Victim Detection in Search-and-Rescue Operations Using Robot-Mounted UWB-Radar Sensors
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07314-z
A Dataset for Victim Detection in Search-and-Rescue Operations Using Robot-Mounted UWB-Radar Sensorsin Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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A chromosomal-level genome assembly of Nadezhdiella cantori (Hope, 1843) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07420-y
A chromosomal-level genome assembly of Nadezhdiella cantori (Hope, 1843) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)in Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of potato grouper (Epinephelus tukula)
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07417-7
Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of potato grouper (Epinephelus tukula)in Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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A new genome assembly of the pea cultivar ‘Caméor’ provides resources for functional genomics and genetics
Scientific Data, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07347-4
A new genome assembly of the pea cultivar ‘Caméor’ provides resources for functional genomics and geneticsin Nature scientific data on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Induced DNA double strand breaks by genotoxic drugs occur at active transcription H3K36 tri-methylation sites
Communications Biology, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10248-2
Multi-omic analyses reveal mechanisms of anticancer drug-induced DNA breakage including active transcription-linked histone modifications.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Genes, other than Muc5b, are associated with bleomycin-induced lung injury
Communications Biology, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10239-3
QTL mapping in Diversity Outbred mice at two timepoints after bleomycin exposure, combined with cross-species analyses, reveals that genes beyond Muc5b contribute to lung injury and identifies novel genes linked to fibrosis severity.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Shared subcortical–default mode morphological dysconnectivity in adolescent bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
Communications Biology, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10237-5
Morphological dysconnectivity between subcortical and default mode regions is a common feature of adolescent bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Systematic discovery of enzyme promiscuity in Escherichia coli using in vitro metabolomics
Communications Biology, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10099-x
Metabolomics-based activity profiling of 667 purified E. coli enzymes reveals a surprising level of promiscuity, with many enzymes catalyzing unexpected reactions.in Nature communications biology on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Drift in individual behavioral phenotype as a strategy for unpredictable worlds
Individuals, even with matched genetics and environment, show substantial phenotypic variability. This variability may be part of a bet-hedging strategy, where populations express a range of phenotypes to ensure survival in unpredictable environments. In addition, phenotypic variability between individuals (‘bet-hedging’), individuals also show variability in their phenotype across time, even absent external cues. There are few evolutionary theories that explain random shifts in phenotype across an animal's life, which we term drift in individual phenotype. We use individuality in locomotor handedness in Drosophila melanogaster to characterize both bet-hedging and drift. We use a continuous circling assay to show that handedness spontaneously changes over timescales ranging from seconds to the lifespan of a fly. We compare the amount of drift and bet-hedging across a number of different fly strains and show independent strain-specific differences in bet-hedging and drift. We show manipulation of serotonin changes the rate of drift, indicating a potential circuit substrate controlling drift. We then develop a theoretical framework for assessing the adaptive value of drift, demonstrating that drift may be adaptive for populations subject to selection pressures that fluctuate on timescales similar to the lifespan of an animal. We apply our model to real-world environmental signals and find patterns of fluctuations that favor random drift in behavioral phenotype, suggesting that drift may be adaptive under some real-world conditions. These results demonstrate that drift plays a role in driving variability in a population and may serve an adaptive role distinct from population-level bet-hedging.in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein modulates CXCR4 clustering and dynamics on the T cell membrane
HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells requires the dynamic interaction of its envelope (Env) glycoprotein with the host cell receptor CD4 and a co-receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. While the core molecular mechanisms driving Env-receptor interactions and subsequent membrane fusion are well characterized, the precise nanoscale spatial reorganization of these co-receptors at the viral binding site remains poorly defined. In this study, we employed single-particle tracking total internal reflection fluorescence (SPT-TIRF) microscopy to quantitatively analyze nanoscale organizational changes of CXCR4 on the surface of human CD4+ T cells following binding by X4-tropic HIV-1. Our data reveal that both recombinant X4-gp120 and virus-like particles expressing physiological levels of X4 Env proteins (gp120 and gp41) promote CXCR4 clustering, a phenomenon linked to cell infection. Furthermore, these ligands induced oligomerization of CXCR4R334X, a naturally occurring mutant associated with WHIM syndrome that supports HIV-1 infection, but fails to oligomerize in response to CXCL12. Our findings establish a link between CXCR4 clustering and HIV-1 infection, enhancing our understanding of the initial events in viral attachment and entry. These results further suggest that HIV-1 depends on a specific spatial arrangement of co-receptors, distinct from that induced by their natural chemokine ligands, highlighting the critical role of cell-surface receptor spatial organization in dictating cellular function.in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Functional imaging of nine distinct neuronal populations under a miniscope in freely behaving animals
Head-mounted miniscopes have enabled functional fluorescence imaging in freely moving animals. However, current technology is limited to recording at most two spectrally distinct fluorophores, severely restricting the number of identifiable cell types. Here, we introduce multiplexed neuronal imaging (Neuroplex), a pipeline combining miniscope Ca2+ recordings with in vivo multiplexed confocal spectral imaging to distinguish nine projection-defined neuronal subtypes through the same GRIN lens. By co-registering defined neurons with fluorophore-specific spectral fingerprints via linear unmixing, we link projection-defined identities to behaviorally relevant neuronal activity. This approach overcomes spectral constraints of miniscopes, enabling circuit-level dissection of behavior in single animals.in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Science under threat around the world
Politicians are reducing public funding for science and dismantling scientific institutions for ideological reasons in Argentina and the United States. It appeared as if something similar could happen in the Netherlands, but the collapse of a coalition government led to a reprieve. How should the scientific community respond to such crises?in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Endogenous corazonin signaling modulates the post-mating switch in behavior and physiology in females of the brown planthopper and Drosophila
Mating in insects typically triggers a post-mating response (PMR) in females, characterized by reduced receptivity to re-mating and increased oviposition, which ensures numerous and viable offspring and male paternity. This PMR is induced by male seminal factors, such as sex peptide in Drosophila melanogaster, as well as intrinsic female signaling components. The latter signaling remains poorly understood in most insects, including the devastating rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. Here, we show that the neuropeptide corazonin (CRZ) and its receptor (CrzR) are critical for the PMR in female BPHs. Peptide injection, RNAi knockdown, and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis confirm that intact CRZ signaling reduces re-mating frequency and increases ovulation in mated BPH females. The CrzR is highly expressed in the female reproductive tract, and CrzR knockdown phenocopies CRZ diminishment. Importantly, female CRZ/CrzR signaling is required for male seminal factors, such as the peptide maccessin, to induce the PMR; with disrupted CrzR signaling, injection of seminal fluid or maccessin fails to reduce female receptivity. Notably, CRZ is not produced in male accessory glands (MAGs) of BPHs and thus not transferred during copulation. We furthermore demonstrate that also in D. melanogaster disrupted CRZ signaling increases female re-mating and reduces oviposition, while CRZ injection suppresses virgin receptivity and increases oviposition. Finally, we detected no CRZ in the MAG of D. melanogaster, supporting its role as an endogenous signal in the female PMR also in this species. In summary, our findings reveal a conserved role of endogenous CRZ signaling in regulating the female PMR and demonstrate that female CRZ signaling and male-derived signals cooperate to induce post-mating transitions in BPHs and D. melanogaster. CRZ is a paralog of the peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone, known to regulate reproduction in vertebrates, including humans, suggesting evolutionary conservation of an ancient function.in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Cortical motor activity modulates respiration and reduces apnoea in neonates
Respiration is governed by a widespread network of cortical and subcortical structures. This complex communication between the brain and lungs is altered in pathological conditions. Apnoea – the cessation of respiration – is a common condition in infants, particularly those born prematurely. Apnoea in infants is believed to relate to immaturity of brainstem respiratory centres; involvement of the cortex in respiration in infants has yet to be explored. We investigated if there was any evidence for cortical coupling with respiration in newborn humans and whether it relates to apnoea. Using simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and impedance pneumography, we investigated interactions between cortical and respiratory activity (known as cortico-respiratory coupling) using phase-amplitude coupling. We show that cortico-respiratory coupling is present in premature and term newborns (104 recordings from 68 infants; 34.5±2.6 weeks postmenstrual age), identifying an interplay between breathing phase and EEG amplitude. We further shed light on the biological meaning by revealing that the strongest coupling occurs during inspiration and that cortical activity precedes respiration, with coupling strongest over frontocentral regions. Whilst our study was limited in spatial resolution, and determining causality is challenging, we believe these findings support the notion that the cortico-respiratory coupling observed here constitutes communication between cortical motor areas and lung effectors. Moreover, we show that cortico-respiratory coupling is negatively correlated with the rate of apnoea, revealing novel insight into this common and potentially life-threatening neonatal pathology.in eLife on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Preserved functions with profound morphological reorganization in human organotypic cultures
Human organotypic slice cultures provide experimental access to adult human neuronal circuits ex vivo, yet it remains unclear whether these networks preserve function or undergo fundamental reorganization following the profound perturbation of slice preparation. Here, we combined extracellular population and single-unit electrophysiology, longitudinal calcium imaging, and quantitative histology to track the changes of human cortical slice cultures over several weeks in vitro. Early phases were marked by pronounced variability and instability, with reduced firing rates, increased burst propensity in principal cells, elevated discharge irregularity, and heterogeneous recruitment during population activity. These functional changes coincided with substantial structural remodeling, including considerable neuronal loss, disruption of laminar architecture, reactive gliosis, and selective vulnerability of inhibitory interneurons. Strikingly, despite this progressive structural degradation, neuronal activity did not diverge but instead converged. By the fourth week in culture, electrophysiological properties, cell-type-specific firing patterns, and population-event recruitment became stable and highly consistent across patients. Calcium imaging revealed persistent, spatially confined regions of synchronous activity, indicating the preservation of structured network dynamics. These events remained within physiological regimes and lacked features of epileptiform discharges. Thus, human neuronal circuits exhibit a robust capacity for self-organization, transitioning from heterogeneous, injury-driven dynamics to stable and homogeneous functional states. This dissociation between structural deterioration and functional convergence establishes human organotypic slice cultures as a reproducible and translationally relevant platform for studying human brain network dynamics ex vivo.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Stage-specific CHI3L1/YKL-40 signaling controls generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells through IL13Rα2-mediated ferroptosis
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are essential for sustaining myelin plasticity and maintaining oligodendroglial homeostasis throughout life. However, the intrinsic signaling mechanisms that regulate OPC generation from neural progenitors remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40) as a stage-specific, intrinsic signaling regulator of oligodendroglial lineage progression. Using human iPSC-derived models, we show that CHI3L1 selectively targets a transient IL13R2-expressing pre-OPC population, where it induces ferroptosis through suppression of GPX4, thereby limiting OPC generation. In contrast, CHI3L1 does not trigger cell death in established OPCs but instead suppresses their proliferation and differentiation while promoting a reactive, immune-like transcriptional state. Mechanistically, IL13R2 mediates CHI3L1-dependent ferroptotic vulnerability at the pre-OPC stage, distinguishing it from parallel signaling pathways that regulate neuronal differentiation. Functionally, this dual-stage regulation constrains the production and maintenance of OPCs, a critical determinant of oligodendroglial homeostasis and myelin plasticity. These findings define an intrinsic signaling axis that couples stage-specific cell fate vulnerability to ferroptotic cell death, thereby controlling OPC pool dynamics with broad implications for cognitive function and disorders involving disrupted myelination.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Learning a reversed bicycle disrupts predictive control and induces interference with the normal bicycle
Motor skills such as bicycle riding are considered robust and transferable across bicycle types. However, when the steering direction is inverted (reversed bicycle) control is disrupted to the extent that the bicycle cannot be ridden. With sufficient practice, the reversed bicycle can be learned, but this learning appears to produce impairment of normal bicycle riding suggesting modification of this long-established motor memory. Here we investigate the learning process of riding a reversed bicycle over four days of practice, while repeatedly assessing normal bicycle performance to measure any potential interference. Introduction of the reversed bicycle disrupted predictive control, reflected in a consistently increased time lag in the steering-roll coupling during reversed bicycle trials. This increase in delay suggests that predictive behavior in normal bicycle riding cannot be transferred to the reversed bicycle. With training, some participants successfully learned to ride the reversed bicycle by gradually reorganizing this coupling, whereas others failed to acquire this inverted coupling. Notably, even short-term exposure to the reversed bicycle interfered with normal bicycle riding, reducing distance ridden and increasing variability in steering rate. Together, we show that even a highly practiced whole-body motor skill is susceptible to rapid interference when control dynamics are altered.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Molecular cloning of a novel, nervous system-specific RGS6 isoform lacking canonical G protein regulatory effects and with dominant negative actions
Regulator of G protein Signaling 6 (RGS6), heavily implicated in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, is enriched in mouse and human brain. Our initial cloning effort identified 36 RGS6 mRNAs in human brain. However, we recently identified an additional RGS6 protein isoform that is larger (~69kDa) than the ubiquitously expressed ~56kDa RGS6L(+GGL) isoforms. Notably, this isoform, named RGS6B for brain-specific, is selectively expressed in the nervous system of mice and humans. Here, we report the cloning of a new RGS6-encoding mRNA, which resembles the RGS6L1(+GGL) transcript identified in our initial cloning effort but includes a highly conserved novel exon (Alternative 3, A3) that alters the reading frame of terminal exon resulting in an extension of the protein C-terminus. When expressed in cells, RGS6LA31(+GGL) co-migrates with RGS6B, and, importantly, interfering RNA targeting exon A3 results in selective depletion of RGS6B in isolated primary cortical astrocytes. RGS6B is capable of stabilizing RGS6 binding partners R7BP and G{beta}5 and, in fact, exhibits an increased protein half-life relative to RGS6L. Both RGS6L and RGS6B are downregulated in human gliomas and share the ability to kill U87MG glioblastoma cells when overexpressed indicating conservation of non-canonical cytotoxic activity between RGS6L and RGS6B species. However, RGS6B lacks the ability to counteract Gi/o-dependent suppression of cAMP signaling, indicating a lack of functional GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity. Instead, RGS6B functions in a dominant negative manner to block Gi/o regulation by RGS6L. RGSB is the first identified RGS protein member that functions to promote, rather than inhibit, G protein signaling. The discovery of the molecular identity of RGS6B will now allow for delineation of unique functions for RGS6 protein isoforms in both physiological and pathophysiological brain states.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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C9orf72-associated G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expression in Drosophila mushroom bodies causes age dependent TDP-43 pathology and dementia relevant phenotypes mediated in part by the glypican Dlp/GPC6
Hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HREs) in C9orf72 are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), yet the age-, sex-, repeat-length-, and circuit-specific influence on the pathology of neurons remains incompletely understood. Here, we established a Drosophila model of C9orf72-associated dementia by expressing G4C2 repeats in mushroom body neurons (MBNs), a brain region critical for memory, locomotion, and sleep. Expression of 44X G4C2 repeats ((G4C2)44X) led to progressive axonal thinning, age-dependent accumulation of Repeat Associated Non-AUG (RAN) translated GR-GFP dipeptide repeat (DPR) puncta, premature nuclear-to-cytoplasmic mislocalization of endogenous TDP-43, increased caspase, reduced lifespan and a loss of presynaptic active zones. Behaviorally, (G4C2)44X expression caused locomotor hyperactivity, altered spatial working memory, and fragmentation of sleep architecture in an age- and sex-dependent manner, recapitulating core features of FTD. Surprisingly, the shorter (G4C2)12X repeat, traditionally considered a control, also produced detectable RAN translation and intermediate phenotypes in aging MBNs, suggesting that length- and tissue- associated factors modulate repeat toxicity. We further identified a repeat-length- and age-dependent reduction of the glypican Dally-like protein (Dlp) in (G4C2)44X consistent with disrupted Wnt-related signaling linked to TDP-43 proteinopathies. Restoring Dlp expression in MBNs mitigated locomotor and working-memory alterations, and loss of presynaptic active zones. In contrast, axonal degeneration, TDP-43 mislocalization, and lifespan were not significantly improved by restoring Dlp, suggesting that multiple mechanisms contribute to G4C2-induced toxicity. Supporting our findings in Drosophila MBNs, a CRISPRi screen in TDP-43 knock-down iNeurons identified GPC6, a human ortholog of Dlp, as a significant contributor to TDP-43 dependent synaptic loss. Together, our findings reveal an aging-sensitive, circuit-specific model of C9orf72-associated neurodegeneration and highlight roles for DPR accumulation and Dlp/GPC6 dependent synaptic loss in FTD pathomechanisms.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Differentiating filter-induced oscillations from physiological stimulation-evoked potentials in intracranial recordings
Introduction Stimulation-evoked potentials (SEPs), recorded both during and after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, have shown promise for guiding DBS targeting and programming. However, filtering protocols applied to stimulation trains produce an artifact we call a filter-induced oscillation (FIO) which closely mimics physiological SEPs. Hence, we outline the mechanistic origins of this distortion and describe a means of differentiating it from valid SEP activity. Methods We recorded in 18 patients undergoing DBS surgery targeting the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus internus. We stimulated target nuclei with cathode-first (CF) and anode-first (AF) pulses to record native SEPs, and in white matter tracts (null condition). Recordings were subsequently filtered to illustrate FIO. Next, we filtered harmonic frequencies of an artificial stimulation train to demonstrate FIO origins. Finally, FIO was deliberately generated in white matter recordings with a notch filter, and its behaviour contrasted with SEPs during AF and CF stimulation. Results Filtering stimulation trains produced FIOs that depended on filter order and corner frequency. We also showed that FIO emerges from filter-induced attenuations of harmonic frequencies which compose stimulation trains, producing oscillations of like frequency around pulses. Finally, FIOs reverse in polarity depending on AF or CF stimulation, whereas SEPs do not. Conclusions Given the potential for widespread adoption of SEPs in DBS targeting and programming, safe analytical protocols are imperative to avoid the induction of processing-related artifacts which can be misinterpreted as biological signals. Here we establish the necessary theory for identifying FIOs and tuning analytical pipelines to avoid their generation.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Small extracellular vesicles mediate the antihyperalgesic effect of bone marrow stromal cells: the role of "priming"
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) including bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have shown analgesic efficacy in recent years. Studies suggested that the therapeutic effect of MSCs was mediated by their secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mainly exosomes. The present study evaluated the antihyperalgesic effect of BMSC-related sEVs in a mouse model of neuropathic pain involving chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). Our separation protocol generated EV particles mostly sized in the range of exosomes (30-170 nm) and express exosome marker proteins CD9, CD81, and Tsg101, suggesting their endosome origin. We show that intravenous injection of BMSC-related sEVs attenuated pain hypersensitivity induced by CCI-ION as indicated by decreased mechanical hypersensitivity (von Frey test) and reduced aversion to noxious stimulation (conditioned place avoidance test). The antihyperalgesic effect of sEVs was observed in both female and male animals, and the effect was dose-dependent. sEVs from NAIVE serum-treated BMSC cultures produced short-lasting antihyperalgesia in male but not female mice, suggesting a subtle sex difference. The antihyperalgesia of sEVs from BMSC culture was blocked by the pretreatment of the culture with GM4869, the antagonist of exosome secretion, suggesting that the effect was not related to other co-isolated soluble mediators but mediated by MSC-derived exosomes. Interestingly, the prior injury condition in which sEVs were isolated favors the pain-relieving effect of sEVs. sEVs isolated from the serum of BMSC-treated animals receiving tendon ligation (TL) injury attenuated hyperalgesia for 24 h, while sEVs from the serum of BMSC-treated NAIVE animals only attenuated hyperalgesia at 3 h after injection. sEVs from the BMSC culture treated with the serum of TL rats were antihyperalgesic, but sEVs from the BMSC culture treated with the serum of naive animals were ineffective. Our results indicate that BMSC-related sEVs produced antihyperalgesia similar to that produced by BMSCs. The results suggest that the interactions between BMSCs and injury conditions are crucially important for producing efficacious sEVs/exosomes and support that the effect of sEVs could be optimized by priming BMSCs with injury-related conditions.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Quantitative Analysis of External Urethral Sphincter Stimulation Parameters for Modulating Urinary Output
Objective: Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) impairs bladder control and remains difficult to treat. We aim to define how electrical stimulation (ES) parameters of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) affect urinary leakage thresholds to guide neuromodulation strategies for NLUTD. Methods: We performed direct EUS stimulation in anesthetized rats using charge-balanced biphasic pulses while systematically varying current amplitude (0.5-3.0 mA), frequency (20-100 Hz), and pulse duration (0.5-3 ms). Urine leakage thresholds were mapped across the multidimensional parameter space. Results: Stimulation parameters exhibited strong nonlinear interdependence in determining leakage onset. At a fixed pulse duration, higher current amplitudes required lower stimulation frequencies to evoke leakage. Increasing pulse duration substantially reduced both current and frequency thresholds. Age and sex caused modest shifts in absolute thresholds but did not alter the fundamental parameter-response relationships. Conclusion: Pulse duration, current amplitude, and frequency jointly govern urinary leakage thresholds, with pulse duration serving as the dominant modulator of stimulation efficiency. Significance: This work establishes a quantitative framework for charge-efficient stimulation parameter selection, enabling the design of energy-aware, precision neuromodulation protocols and implantable systems for NLUTD rehabilitation.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Spatiotemporal encoding of touch signals in the human somatosensory and motor cortices
The sense of touch is fundamental for dexterous manipulation, object interaction, and body awareness. It is primarily processed in the somatosensory cortex (SC), yet our understanding of how tactile information is encoded at the level of neural populations and single neurons in humans remains limited. It is unclear how natural tactile signals are represented in SC and how they may be influenced by visual inputs, as well as how closely sensory and motor cortices interact during passive touch. Here, we investigated the neural basis of touch in the human SC using chronically implanted microelectrode arrays in three participants. By delivering controlled mechanical stimuli, we characterized neural responses to natural touch and mapped detailed somatotopic receptive fields (the patch of skin that elicits neural responses when stimulated) in humans, including multi-digit representations. Surprisingly, we also found strong, clearly somatotopic activation in the motor cortex (MC) during passive touch, even in the absence of movement, highlighting a tight and functionally relevant sensorimotor coupling. We further examined how vision shapes tactile processing by comparing neural activity during actual touch with and without vision, and during observation of touch on another person's hand. While touch to the participants' hands elicited robust, event-locked, and somatotopically organized responses in the SC, observation of tactile actions alone did not produce significant activation, suggesting limited vicarious encoding at this level. These findings provide a detailed characterization of human touch processing at the level of neuronal populations and give insights for the design of microstimulation strategies of the SC for the restoration of touch.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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A standardized, surgically relevant map of organ-spesific branch emergence in the human vagus nerve
Introduction. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates laryngeal, cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal functions. Knowledge of where along the vagal trunk organ-specific branches emerge may support alternative surgical placements of stimulation devices that engage targeted functions while avoiding off-target effects. However, no quantified map relating vagal branch emergence to surgically accessible anatomical landmarks exists in humans. Methods. Fifty-eight vagus nerves (29 left, 29 right) from 29 embalmed donor bodies (15 females) were dissected from the jugular foramen through the thoracic cavity. Branches were traced to end organs and allocated to seven groups -sympathetic, muscular, vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, and multiple targets - and several sub-groups. Distances between branch emergence and the jugular foramen (JF) were normalized to three anatomical landmarks: carotid bifurcation, laryngeal prominence, and superior border of clavicle. Results. Branch emergence follows a proximal-to-distal order: sympathetic (5.28 cm from JF), muscular (9.59 cm), vascular (10.70 cm), cardiac (19.65 cm), pulmonary (25.36 cm), and esophageal (26.57 cm). Vagal branches emerge into two embryological domains separated near the clavicle: pharyngeal arch-targeting branches cluster proximally (9.34 cm) and primitive mediastinum-targeting branches cluster distally (23.74 cm), with sympathetic, muscular, and vascular sub-groups occupying distinct zones within the proximal domain. The largest branch-free intervals occur above the left clavicle (2.33 +/- 2.80 cm) and below the left carotid bifurcation (2.58 +/- 3.17 cm). The greatest anatomical separation between cardiac (targeted) vs. muscular (off-target) branches occurs at 13 cm (left) and 15 cm (right) from JF, whereas for deep cardiac vs. superficial cardiac and pulmonary branches, at 21 cm (left) and 17 cm (right). Overall, no differences were found between male and female donors. Conclusions. This study provides a quantified, landmark-registered map of cervical and thoracic vagal branch emergence, offering a standardized anatomical template that may inform strategies for more function-selective vagal neuromodulation.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Aging impairs control of center of mass during repeated visual perturbations in walking
Sensory degradation with aging can impair balance control, partly by disrupting visual contributions to self-motion estimation. We investigated how aging affects the control of frontal plane center of mass (CoM) trajectories during walking with exposure to repeated visual perturbations. We hypothesized that aging would increase responses to visual perturbations and decrease adaptation to repeated visual perturbation exposure. We applied three visual perturbations to 14 healthy older (age: 75.0{+/-}2.4) and 16 younger adults (age: 23.4{+/-}3.9) walking on a treadmill: fixating a stationary target with the background moving to the right (MB), tracking a target moving rightward over a stationary background with head rotation (MT-HR), and tracking a moving target with eye movement only (MT-EM). Deviations of CoM position and foot placement due to the visual perturbations were assessed. Over the whole trial, the older adults exhibited larger CoM position variability in MB and MT-HR conditions. During visual perturbation epochs, both age groups deviated in the same direction except MB. In MB, the older adults deviated to an opposite direction after a few perturbation repetitions. Moreover, in MT-HR and MT-EM, the older adults deviated earlier than the younger adults and they deviated more in the MT-HR condition. This indicates that older adults exhibit reduced ability to accurately estimate self-motion through correction by other sensory modalities when exposed to visual perturbations. Over repeated perturbations, the older adults showed decreased CoM deviations in MT-EM, which suggests that they still maintain the capacity to downweight visual information after repeated exposure.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Source-space EEG functional connectivity and prediction of cognition in Parkinsons disease: No added benefit of individualized head models over standard templates
Cognitive decline is a major non-motor feature of Parkinson s disease (PD), but reliable and accessible biomarkers remain limited. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) is a promising candidate because it is low-cost, portable, and well suited to repeated assessment. Recent work has increasingly focused on source-space functional connectivity (FC) for the prediction of cognition. However, the influence of source-modelling based on an individualized MRI-based head model relative to that based on standard template model is unknown. To compare these two source-space EEG FC methods, we analysed EEG data from the New Zealand Parkinson s Progression Programme, including 136 people with PD and 51 age-similar controls. Source reconstructed resting-state EEG was parcellated with the HCP-MMP1 atlas, and used to derive amplitude envelope correlation (AEC) and debiased weighted phase lag index (dwPLI) across six canonical frequency bands. The twenty-four FC modalities were evaluated using six machine-learning regression algorithms within a nested cross-validation framework. Theta-, alpha-, and beta-band FC showed the most consistent prediction of global cognition, with the strongest performance observed for theta- and alpha-band AEC and dwPLI features (maximum R2 = 0.170, r = 0.439). Standard and individualized head models showed comparable predictive performance across nearly all modalities. Feature importance patterns for Cole-Anticevic networks were also highly similar between the two head-model options. These findings show that source-space resting-state EEG FC can predict cognitive performance in PD. The comparability of the two head models suggests that the more user-friendly and less resource intense standard head model template is satisfactory. This supports feasible, scalable, and clinically accessible EEG-based biomarkers of cognition in PD.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Environmental Volatility Shifts Visual Search from Capture to Caution
Real-world distractors occur in environments whose states change at different rates. We asked whether such volatility alters early attentional gating or instead changes the criterion for committing to a response. Observers performed an additional-singleton search task with concurrent eye tracking while distractor presence followed high- or low-volatility sequences, with overall distractor prevalence held constant. Trial-pooled oculomotor capture was higher under high volatility, a pattern that appears to indicate altered filtering. That inference did not survive repetition-aware analysis: once the same-location run position was matched, capture did not detectably differ across volatility regimes. The pooled capture effect was therefore consistent with a structural consequence of the volatility manipulation, which enriched high-volatility blocks with early-run positions where capture is intrinsically high. The positive volatility signature appeared on distractor-absent trials, where high-volatility blocks were associated with longer target latency, more fixations, longer final-target dwell, and fewer errors. Same-location repetition learning showed no detectable difference in slope across regimes. A hierarchical drift-diffusion model (DDM) and a complementary volatility Kalman-filter (VKF) dynamic-state comparison indicated that manual responses were better described by architectures that allow both boundary-related and drift-related components than by a boundary-only account. Volatility, therefore, did not show detectable evidence of impairing the local gating rule; instead, the converging evidence points to a post-selective verification/caution profile, consistent with a precision-weighted read-out of environmental uncertainty.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Manipulation of CA1 neuronal subtypes through Cre-mediated viral delivery in mice
The CaMKII promoter is widely used to label and manipulate hippocampal pyramidal neurons via transgenic mouse lines or viral approaches. While it targets most excitatory neurons, a small subset remains unlabeled and often overlooked. We present an AAV-based strategy combined with CaMKII- driven Cre expression to access and study this remaining population. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for in-house AAV production, targeted stereotaxic delivery, and functional validation of targeted neurons through slice electrophysiology and behaviour.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Experimental and natural peripheral HSV-1 infection: Neurotropism and impact on Alzheimer's disease-related molecular markers
Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly prevalent neurotropic virus from the alphaherpesviruses family. In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on the potential role of HSV-1 infections and recurrent reactivations in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, it has been hypothesized that HSV-1 could initiate or amplify the formation of neuropathological lesions characteristic of AD. To explore further this hypothesis, we adopted an integrated approach aiming at deciphering the impact of HSV-1 infection on AD molecular markers (A-beta and Tau pathologies) and combining experimental animal models of in vivo infection, postmortem neuropathological analysis of AD brains, as well as in-vivo clinical analysis in AD patients. In animal models of peripheral (labial) infection with HSV-1 virus, we analyzed viral dissemination from peripheral tissues to the CNS, and the associated neuropathological consequences. Histological and molecular analyses revealed the occurrence of viral material (RNA, proteins) in the brainstem, the primary site of viral neuroinvasion, and in more anterior regions of the brain. Viral signatures were accompanied by early abnormal deposits of A-beta peptides and accumulation of phosphoTau (pTau) proteins in various brain areas. Neuropathological examination of AD/control participants also underlined the presence of HSV-1 DNA in the human brainstem (pons) that was always associated with local A-beta/Tau aggregates. Finally, in AD patients, associations were found between HSV-1 seropositivity and neuropathological lesion burden (region-specific Tau and A{beta} deposition detected by neuroimaging). Taken together, these data provide new evidence in favor of the involvement of HSV-1 in the pathophysiology of AD, stressing a possible causal link between HSV-1 infection, neuroinvasion and AD neuropathological hallmarks (A-beta lesions and tauopathy).in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Real-time fMRI-triggered experience-sampling: a proof-of-concept study
Much of a typical individual's mental life is characterized by spontaneous thoughts that occur independently of external stimuli. In prior studies, ongoing mental experiences and their neural correlates have been captured using thought probes presented at random intervals during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). However, this approach results in temporally imprecise estimates of brain activity relative to the arising of mental experience. In this preregistered, proof-of-concept study, we aimed to improve temporal precision using a novel method termed real-time fMRI-triggered experience-sampling (rt-fMRI-ES). We analyzed blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signals in real time during a wakeful resting state (n=60) to trigger thought probes from spontaneous activations within two regions: the dorsal anterior insular cortex (daIC; a key region within salience network) and posteromedial cortex (PMC; a key region within default mode network). We tested two preregistered hypotheses: (H1) Ratings of arousal time-locked to daIC-activation trials are higher than ratings time-locked to non-daIC-activation trials; (H2) Ratings of external-attention time-locked to PMC-activation trials are lower than ratings time-locked to non-PMC-activation trials. After applying preregistered exclusion criteria, 42 participants (1243 trials) and 49 participants (1429 trials) were included in H1 and H2 analyses, respectively. We did not find evidence in support of H1, but we did find evidence in support of H2, as external-attention ratings were significantly lower for trials triggered by PMC activation compared to other trial types. Taken together, we successfully developed and validated the rt-fMRI-ES method, offering a novel technique to efficiently capture spontaneous thoughts based on ongoing neural activity.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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How sensory load shapes the neural processing and perception of visual durations
The sensory content and temporal structure of stimuli have been shown to consistently bias duration perception. Temporal intervals filled with continuous sensory input ("filled intervals"), are often perceived as lasting longer than intervals marked only by their onset and offset ("empty intervals"). Despite this robust behavioral finding, it remains unclear whether filled and empty intervals rely on similar or distinct neural mechanisms and, more generally, how sensory format shapes the neural processing of millisecond time. To address this question, we asked twenty-one healthy participants to reproduce visual durations across different stimulus configurations while high-density scalp EEG was recorded. Behavioral results revealed differences in performance across stimulus configurations. Event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded at occipito-parietal and fronto-central electrodes between 0.1 and 0.4 s after duration offset were modulated in amplitude by both stimulus duration and format. These modulations scaled with the sensory load of the stimulus and its duration, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. A Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) of the ERP data showed that textit{perceived} time was represented more strongly than physical time particularly at occipito-parietal electrodes, but only within the 0.2-0.3 s post-offset window, where stimulus format exerted a pronounced effect on the ERP signal. These findings highlight the role of sensory processing in shaping duration perception and its neural coding, and reveal an early neural signature of perceived time in occipito-parietal electrodes.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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PGE2 modulation of stimulus valence directs zebrafish behavioral fever
Animals seek warmth during fever, but whether this behavior reflects altered temperature perception or interpretation remains unresolved. A prevailing view holds that fever reduces perceived temperature, making the environment feel colder. Here, we use behavior, modeling, and calcium imaging in larval zebrafish to test these hypotheses. We find that viral immune signals drive larval zebrafish to seek warmer temperatures in a PGE2-dependent manner. We localized PGE2 receptors to thermoregulatory brain regions that are conserved across vertebrates. Through comparative behavioral modeling we show that contrary to the prevailing view, fever does not reduce the perception of warmth. Instead, PGE2 alters the valence of temperature changes, such that heating becomes attractive while cooling turns aversive. Calcium imaging reveals that modulation of medullary activity by immune signals directs these changes in stimulus valence. Together, these results identify PGE2-driven changes in stimulus valence as a key principle of the sensorimotor basis of fever.in bioRxiv: Neuroscience on 2026-05-12 00:00:00 UTC.
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Deep Learning Discriminates Seizures from Normal Brain Oscillations in the Electroencephalogram of a Rat Model of Post-traumatic Epilepsy
This study used machine learning to objectively identify seizures in the electroencephalogram of a model of post-traumatic epilepsy based on fluid percussion injury in male rats. We applied transfer learning to a neural-network trained and tested on three potentially distinct electroencephalographic phenotypes: (1) late-onset convulsive seizures associated with rare post-traumatic epilepsy, (2) early-onset convulsive seizures that often occurred after sham or injury treatment (independent of post-traumatic epilepsy), and (3) spike-wave discharges (SWDs), which occurred in both injured and sham-control rats. The neural network was able to detect seizure events within individual animals and across different cohorts and showed that early and late seizures have similar electroencephalographic phenotypes. Additionally, cross-over training and testing on SWDs from injured and sham-control rats distinguished a convulsive seizure phenotype from normal SWDs. Convolutional neural network modeling of the electroencephalogram can identify spectro-temporal phenotypes that reliably distinguish SWDs from convulsive seizures, indicating that (1) SWDs are normal, not to be falsely classified as nonconvulsive epileptic seizures; (2) the automated detection of convulsive seizures over months revealed rare post-traumatic epilepsy with low seizure frequency; (3) early and late (epileptic) seizures were indistinguishable within and across rats, thus suggesting similar underlying neuronal circuits and ictogenic pathways. This commonality, however, may also obscure important differences between seizure types; (4) convolutional neural network modeling may facilitate objective comparison of seizures within and between laboratories, supplementing subjective expert visual classification, and (5) the rarity of injury-induced epilepsy argues fluid percussion injury is poorly suited for effectively testing anti-epileptogenesis therapies.
in eNeuro on 2026-05-11 16:30:23 UTC.
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scHilda: Hierarchical Integration of LLM with KG database for single cell type annotation
by Yilang Li, Yidi Sun, Aoyun Geng, Junlin Xu, Yajie Meng, Feifei Cui, Leyi Wei, Quan Zou, Xiulai Li, Zilong Zhang
Cell type annotation in single-cell RNA sequencing is a critical bottleneck, with existing automated methods facing limitations in accuracy, interpretability, and generalization to novel cell types. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown potential in single-cell annotation, they are prone to inherent “hallucinations”. Furthermore, a critical challenge is utilizing imperfect and potentially noisy external knowledge bases in a principled and robust manner to effectively constrain and enhance the LLM’s reasoning capabilities. To address this, we propose scHilda, a novel framework designed to tackle this challenge. It deeply integrates an external Knowledge Graph into the LLM’s reasoning process and employs a hierarchical arbitration annotation strategy. This strategy first identifies major cell lineages with the support of a global knowledge base and then dynamically retrieves focused subgraph domain information related to that lineage to precisely resolve cell subtypes. This dynamic knowledge-enhanced reasoning mechanism effectively constrains the LLM’s decision space, reduces the risk of hallucination, and mitigates potential misguidance from knowledge base deficiencies. Tests on multiple benchmark datasets show that scHilda outperforms existing methods, achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. Notably, scHilda demonstrates exceptional robustness when handling complex mixed samples and enables lower-cost lightweight LLMs to achieve annotation performance close to that of top-tier models. Furthermore, rigorous statistical evaluations, alongside detailed interpretability case studies and query complexity analyses, validate the framework’s efficiency and transparent decision-making. By deeply integrating the reasoning power of LLMs with structured biological knowledge, scHilda not only improves the accuracy and interpretability of cell annotation but also provides a new paradigm for building the next generation of trustworthy biological AI systems.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-11 14:00:00 UTC.
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A new Fight-or-Flight Pacemaker Mechanism via Ryanodine Receptor abundance and superclustering
by Valeria Ventura Subirachs, Syevda Tagirova, Alexander V. Maltsev, Dongmei Yang, Edward G. Lakatta, Michael D. Stern, Victor A. Maltsev
The sinoatrial node is the primary cardiac pacemaker. Individual sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) generate spontaneous rhythmic action potentials (APs) that initiate each heartbeat. The mechanism of SANC automaticity and its modulation by autonomic nervous system is based on the coupled function of molecules of both the cell membrane (ion channels, exchangers, and pumps) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which generates rhythmic local Ca releases (LCRs). While LCRs are generated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the molecular-scale RyR network structure remains unknown. Here we performed single-molecule localization of RyRs via direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) in rabbit SANCs in basal conditions and 5 minutes after β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) stimulation by isoproterenol. RyRs form clusters of various sizes, with a mean density of 67.7 ± 13.2 RyR/μm2. (mean±SEM, n = 6 cells). While the majority of cluster sizes ranged from 3 to 32 RyRs, each cell had a few substantially larger clusters (>76 RyRs), dubbed superclusters. βAR stimulation significantly increased the RyR density to 119.1 ± 22.6 RyR/μm2 (8 cells, p ≤ 0.05) and created more superclusters. Our numerical SANC model showed that superclustering substantially decreased the AP cycle length (APCL) by creating Ca release hotspots that initiated larger LCRs under any condition. Increasing RyR density prolonged APCL in the basal state but shortened APCL during βAR stimulation. With no change in RyR network, βAR stimulation of only SR Ca pump and ion currents shortened APCL on average from 414.9 to 284 ms. When realistic higher RyR density and superclustering were added to the model, APCL further shortened to 231.9 ms. Thus, dynamic nanoscale changes in RyR network provide a new powerful pacemaker mechanism.in PLoS Computational Biology on 2026-05-11 14:00:00 UTC.
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USP39 promotes antiviral defense through post-transcriptional control of RIG-I and stabilization of STING
by Jiazheng Quan, Xibao Zhao, Shaoying Chen, Hongrui Li, Wei Chen, Qianqian Di, Xunwei Li, Jiajing Zhao, Han Wu, Jin Chen, Yue Xiao, Zherui Wu, Weilin Chen
RIG-I and STING are critical for mediating the RIG-I and cGAS-STING signaling pathways that guard against viral infection. Here, we report that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 39 (USP39) positively regulates the RIG-I and cGAS-STING pathways to induce antiviral innate immunity in vitro and in vivo. The USP39 deficiency impaired the antiviral immune response of macrophages, leading to low type I IFNs expression, and high RNA and (e.g., VSV, H1N1 PR8) DNA virus (e.g., HSV-1) replication. Moreover, USP39-deficient mice were more sensitive to VSV or HSV-1 infection than control mice. Conversely, USP39 overexpression promoted the antiviral immune response. Mechanistically, we found that USP39 regulates RIG-I protein expression by promoting pre-RIG-I mRNA splicing and maturation. In addition, we also revealed that USP39 interacts with and stabilizes STING protein by deubiquitinating K48-linked polyubiquitin of STING at K288. These data show that USP39 positively regulates RNA and DNA-virus-induced RIG-I and cGAS-STING signaling, respectively, by promoting post-transcriptional control of RIG-I and stabilization of STING. These data provide new insights and potential therapeutic targets to control viral infections.in PLoS Biology on 2026-05-11 14:00:00 UTC.
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The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system
by Clayton Baker, Victor A. Ansere, Cossette I. Sanqui, Bérénice A. Benayoun
Aging has effects on the immune system that are similar in men and women, but also reshapes their immune systems in unique, sex-specific ways. These sex-specific patterns of immune aging influence disease susceptibility, vaccine effectiveness, cancer survival, and responses to pharmacological therapies, and have direct implications for preventive medicine and clinical care. However, these differences in susceptibilities and responses are rarely considered in research, clinical trials, or treatment guidelines. By integrating knowledge of sex-specific immune aging with real-world outcomes from vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, and pharmacovigilance studies, this Essay argues that accounting for both sex and age is essential to advance personalized medicine.in PLoS Biology on 2026-05-11 14:00:00 UTC.
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Alzheimer's Disease Co‐Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Objectives
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share neuropathological features, including tau, amyloid, and TDP-43 pathology. This study investigated whether AD-related pathological changes are associated with cognitive impairment ALS.
Methods
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF total-tau, phosphorylated-tau, beta-amyloid) and plasma biomarkers (TDP-43; neurofilament light chain [NfL]) were analyzed in 192 individuals with ALS or ALS with frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD) and 100 healthy controls. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS). Group comparisons and regression analyses examined associations between biomarker profiles and cognitive status. Autopsy data were available for a subset of participants.
Results
Compared with healthy controls, patients with ALS – particularly those with cognitive impairment (ALSci) or ALS-FTD – showed elevated AD-related biomarkers. Significant differences in beta-amyloid levels were observed between healthy controls (HCs) and patients with ALSci, but not between controls and cognitively unimpaired patients. CSF p-tau and total-tau levels were strongly associated with domain-specific cognitive performance. In contrast, plasma extracellular vesicle TDP-43 and NfL showed weak or no association with cognition. In vivo biomarkers alone reliably distinguished cognitive impairment only in ALSci and ALS-FTD. Postmortem analyses showed no strong association between ABC scores or overall TDP-43 burden and cognitive state; however, temporal and hippocampal TDP-43 burden was associated with cognitive dysfunction.
Interpretation
Our findings suggest that tau-related CSF biomarkers, particularly p-tau and total-tau, are associated with cognitive deficits in ALS, indicating that AD-related pathology might be associated to cognitive decline in ALS. However, postmortem data showed even stronger relation of TDP43 pathology to cognitive deficits in ALS. ANN NEUROL 2026 ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-11 11:38:19 UTC.
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DNA melting: Intra-base-pair dynamics and a vector generalization of the Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois model
Author(s): Nikos Theodorakopoulos
The Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois (PBD) model of DNA denaturation, although successful in the description of melting profiles, fails to predict melting entropies, unzipping forces, and dynamical properties, e.g., hairpin dynamics. The paper presents an atomistic “toy model” of the intra-base-pair motion wh…
[Phys. Rev. E 113, 054405] Published Mon May 11, 2026
in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2026-05-11 10:00:00 UTC.
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Inhibitory cell type heterogeneity in a spatially structured mean-field model of V1
Author(s): Soon Ho Kim and Hannah Choi
Inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are classified into cell types differing in their morphology, electrophysiology, and connectivity. Although it is known that parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing neurons (VIP), the major inhibitory neuron subtype…
[Phys. Rev. E 113, 054406] Published Mon May 11, 2026
in Physical Review E: Biological physics on 2026-05-11 10:00:00 UTC.
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Redesigning Pancasila Education for Generation Z: A Mixed-Methods Needs Analysis of Pedagogical Mismatch and Interactive Civic E-Module Design in Indonesian Higher Education [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Pancasila Education in Indonesian higher education is expected to cultivate responsibility, discipline, cooperation, and critical civic judgment. However, many courses still rely on static text-dominant delivery, even though Generation Z students study in highly interactive digital environments. Prior literature explains why engagement, self-regulation, multimodal learning, and digital citizenship matter, but it offers less integrated guidance for redesigning civic learning to support value internalization rather than media substitution. Methods This sequential explanatory mixed-methods study involved 997 undergraduate students and 48 lecturers at a public university in Indonesia, followed by semi-structured interviews with 20 students and 5 lecturers. Quantitative data were examined descriptively, qualitative data were analyzed thematically, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before questionnaire completion and interviews. Results The findings point to persistent weaknesses in responsibility, discipline, and cooperation (gotong royong), while critical thinking appeared moderate rather than strongly developed. A marked pedagogical mismatch emerged: 92.5% of students preferred multimodal, interactive learning formats, whereas only 7.6% favored static, text-heavy resources. Although 53.6% reported frequent engagement with existing digital resources, 46.4% still showed passive learning behavior, and 12.9% explicitly judged current methods ineffective. Interview data further indicated that students experienced current materials as low in relevance and low in interaction, whereas lecturers stressed conceptual depth while acknowledging the need for stronger participation, feedback, and collaborative learning. Conclusions The study offers a design-oriented explanatory framework linking civic value internalization to four pedagogical requirements: multimodal clarity, participatory structure, feedback for self-regulation, and civic authenticity. Interactive civic e-modules, therefore, should be designed as learning environments for dialogue, collaboration, reflection, and progress monitoring, not merely as digitized repositories of civic content.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 08:29:17 UTC.
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Clinically relevant topography of the great saphenous vein and saphenofemoral junction, a study from adult embalmed cadavers [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]
Background Knowledge of the morphology of the great saphenous vein (GSV) is important because of its clinical applications and involvement in venous diseases. In this study, the aim was to determine the morphology and topography of the saphenous opening and to perform side-based and gender-based comparisons. The objective of this study was to describe the precise topography of the GSV with respect to the medial malleolus and saphenous nerves. Methods This is an institution-based cross-sectional study including 40 lower extremities from 20 adult embalmed cadavers. The morphometric data was obtained by applying a digital Vernier caliper. Results The shape of the saphenous opening was noted. In 29 extremities (72.5%), the saphenous opening was vertically oval, with a round shape in 8 (20%) and a kidney shape in 3 (7.5%). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the right- and left-sided morphometric data. The present study observed that females had smaller dimensions of the saphenous opening and it was more supero-medially placed than in males (p<0.05) in relation to the pubic tubercle. In 24 lower extremities (60%), the saphenous nerve ran anterior to the GSV, and in the remaining 16 (40%), the saphenous nerve was divided into two branches running anterior and posterior to the GSV between the knee and ankle joints. Conclusion The present study provides important data on the morphology and topography of the saphenous opening and GSV in relation to the pubic tubercle, medial malleolus, and saphenous nerve. However, the data would be more accurate with a larger sample size.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 08:13:46 UTC.
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Active methodologies and virtual platforms in higher education: a comparative qualitative study of student perceptions in Peru and Chile [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background The use of active methodologies in virtual environments has gained prominence in Latin American higher education, particularly following the expansion of remote learning. However, there is still limited comparative evidence on how students perceive their implementation in different contexts. Methods An exploratory qualitative study with a comparative focus was conducted. Fourteen first-year university students participated, seven from Peru and seven from Chile, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews. The analysis was conducted using the Reflective Thematic Analysis approach, following the six phases proposed by Braun and Clarke. Results Four main themes were identified: (1) virtual platforms and ways of engaging with them, (2) perceived benefits of virtual learning, (3) challenges and tensions in the learning experience, and (4) students’ recommendations for improving technology-mediated teaching. Participants particularly valued flexibility, autonomy and permanent access to materials, especially when active methodologies such as the flipped classroom, gamification and collaborative work were integrated. However, they also highlighted limitations related to connectivity issues, gaps in digital skills and non-pedagogical uses of the platforms. Conclusions Active methodologies supported by virtual platforms can foster meaningful learning and student engagement, provided they are accompanied by adequate infrastructure, ongoing teacher training and institutional policies aimed at technological equity. The findings provide contextualized evidence for the design of active teaching strategies in Latin American higher education, beyond the context of emergency remote learning.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:52:33 UTC.
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Pediatric Housestaff Perceptions of Pediatric Subspecialties [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Introduction Sustaining the pediatric subspecialty workforce is essential to meet the complex healthcare needs of children. Despite steady interest in fellowship training, many subspecialties face ongoing workforce shortages. This study surveyed pediatric residents to assess perceptions of workload, compensation, and work-life balance across various subspecialties. Objectives Evaluate pediatric resident views on pediatric subspecialty careers in the context of a nationally diminishing pool of pediatric subspecialists. Methods A survey was provided to residents during their annual retreat in spring 2024. The survey asked residents their perspectives on various aspects of clinical care, personal support, and professional interest. Results There were 67 total retreat attendees and 54 responses giving a response rate of 80.6%, with 16 males and 38 females. Residents perceived Hospital Medicine as having lower complexity and support but higher patient volumes. Subspecialties such as Cardiology, Critical Care, Gastroenterology, and Neonatology were viewed as more complex and better compensated. Work-life balance and family considerations were the most influential factors in career decisions, while debt and compensation were less significant. Prior clinical experience modestly shaped perceptions, with minimal gender-based differences. Conclusions Pediatric trainees prioritize work-life balance, family, and clinical experience over financial concerns. Interestingly, subspecialties perceived to offer the best work-life balance and with the fewest matched fellowship spots are also among the least compensated, highlighting a potential misalignment between trainee values and workforce incentives.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:49:17 UTC.
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Research Technical Professionals as Catalysts in Advancing Open Science [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Abstract* The adoption of open science practices is reshaping research, emphasising accessibility, transparency, reproducibility, and collaboration. While much attention has focused on researchers, the role of research technicians and technology specialists (RTPs) in supporting open science remains underexplored. Equipping RTPs with training and tools and ensuring their recognition for adopting best practices can foster more transparent, reproducible, and trustworthy research, benefiting research teams, institutions, funders, the wider scientific community, and society. Furthermore, appropriate support of RTPs carries the potential to create a network of experts equipped to train and support students and researchers in best practices that evolve alongside institutional and funder policies. Empowering research technical professionals in this way will also benefit them directly, enhancing their visibility and recognition within research teams and the broader research community in addition to supporting their career progression. To achieve this, funders, institutions, colleagues, and the broader research community must recognise and engage technicians as equal, vital professionals. Their specialised expertise, often rare and indispensable to research success, must be fully acknowledged and valued. We propose actionable solutions for stakeholders, including institutions, funding agencies, and learned societies, to strengthen their engagement with research technical professionals and enhance their role in advancing open science practices.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:43:40 UTC.
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Leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) based algorithm for Accurate Estrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PR) Analysis in breast cancer diagnostics: potential to be a crucial aid in routine workflow [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer revi
Background Scoring of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in breast cancer is critical for identifying patients who would benefit with hormonal therapy. Since manual scoring of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is influenced by pathologist experience, fatigue, inter-observer variability, and subjectivity, artificial intelligence (AI)–based algorithms, trained on large datasets can aid to improve diagnostic accuracy. Methodology This study evaluated an AI-based algorithm for ER and PR IHC scoring in 297 ER and 293 PR cases of invasive breast carcinoma and compared the scores with that of pathologists (two senior and two junior) A pre-trained automated algorithm (Mimansa) identified region of interest and provided the scoreswhich was compared with the consensus score of pathologists-ground truth(GT).Concordance was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa and F1 score. Results For ER IHC, GT scores included 169 strong positive, 31 low positive, and 98 negative cases. Agreement with GT was 99% and 98% for senior pathologists, 97% for the AI algorithm, and 95% and 93% for junior pathologists. The algorithm correctly classified all strong positive cases but showed discordance in 16 low-score cases, with four false negatives and ten false positives. Notably, it identified two true positive cases missed by all pathologists. For PR IHC, agreement rates were 98% and 97% for senior pathologists, 92% for the algorithm, and 93% and 91% for junior pathologists. The algorithm achieved perfect accuracy in strong positive cases but produced 16 false negatives and eight false positives among low-score cases. Cohen’s kappa values were 0.91 (ER) and 0.84 (PR). Conclusion: The AI algorithm demonstrated high concordance with expert consensus, performing comparably to senior pathologists and outperforming junior pathologists in several metrics. It shows promise as a supportive second-reader tool, particularly in low-positive cases where diagnostic errors may significantly impact patient management.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:39:31 UTC.
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Prediabetes and Risk of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a leading cause of cardioembolic stroke, yet the independent contribution of prediabetes to recurrent ischemic stroke risk in AF patients with prior cerebrovascular events remains poorly defined. Prior cross-sectional studies have yielded conflicting results, and no large propensity-matched investigation has examined longitudinal time-to-event outcomes in this population. Methods Using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network (67 healthcare organizations), adults with AF and prior ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were classified as having prediabetes (hemoglobin A1c 5.7%–6.4% or ICD-10 R73.03) or normoglycemia (hemoglobin A1c ≤5.6%). Patients with any form of diabetes mellitus were excluded. One-to-one propensity score matching balanced demographics and comorbidities. The primary outcome was recurrent ischemic stroke. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Cumulative risk and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed. Results After matching, 80,335 patients per cohort were analyzed (mean age 70 years; 54.7% male; all standardized mean differences <0.02). Cumulative recurrent stroke risk did not differ between groups (60.0% vs 60.4%; risk ratio 0.993, 95% CI 0.982–1.005; P = 0.264). Time-to-recurrence was significantly longer in the prediabetes cohort (median 1,794 vs 1,695 days; hazard ratio [HR] 0.960, 95% CI 0.943–0.978; P < 0.001). Prediabetes was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.891, 95% CI 0.873–0.910; P < 0.001) and lower GI bleeding (HR 0.918, 95% CI 0.889–0.947; P = 0.003). ICH did not differ significantly (HR 0.961, 95% CI 0.917–1.007; P = 0.065). Conclusions Prediabetes was not associated with increased recurrent stroke risk in AF patients with prior cerebrovascular events. The observed longer time-to-recurrence and lower mortality may reflect a metabolic surveillance effect warranting prospective confirmation.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:33:58 UTC.
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Therapeutic Examination of Questioning to Improve Underdeveloped Ego Autonomy in Early Adolescence: A Quantum Analysis Using the Psychoanalytic Systems Theory [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Abstract* Background Either-or questioning may be effective in capturing issues in the embryonic phase of ego autonomy when the client redefines their own positioning. By utilizing intervention analysis that embraces a quantum theory perspective, we can understand the mechanics of instantaneous microscopic change, i.e., “here and now” and support the multilayered parallel development of regression under the control of ego and a corrective development from regression. Methods For the hypotheses of the either-or questioning in the quantum analysis using the psychoanalytic systems (PAS) theory, we performed a therapeutic examination of an early adolescent male with an underdeveloped ego autonomy: Results The hypotheses that either-or questioning provides the (1) opportunity to practice decision-making; (2) creation of a psychologically safe space; (3) activation of the experiencing ego; and (4) activation of the observing ego were verified. Conclusions The results of the analysis indicated six stages: (1) either-or questioning; (2) intervention in the particles of experiencing and energy; (3) mother–child object relations in the ego autonomy embryonic period; (4) reactivation of the oedipal triangular relationship; (5) mother–child relationship that forms the basis for a benevolent superego; and (6) corrective development of the client’s ego autonomy.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 07:05:18 UTC.
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Spectral mapping reveals a resemblance of the anesthetic brain state to both sleep and coma
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026.
SignificanceEvery day, thousands of patients undergo general anesthesia, a safe and reversible medically induced state of unconsciousness often likened to sleep or coma. Despite profoundly altering brain function, most procedures are carried out without ...in PNAS on 2026-05-11 07:00:00 UTC.
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Peripheral complement C4 protein in schizophrenia: Association with gene copy number and immune cell subtypes
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026.
SignificanceThe number of C4A gene copies is associated with the risk of schizophrenia in genome-wide association studies of individuals with European ancestry. Higher C4A gene expression is associated with higher levels of synaptic pruning in the brain. ...in PNAS on 2026-05-11 07:00:00 UTC.
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A brain circuit of bidirectional modulation of social and nonsocial cognition by androgens and estrogens in male mice
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026.
SignificanceAndrogens and estrogens rapidly drive social recognition memory and social interactions, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we focused on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to lateral septum (LS), a brain network ...in PNAS on 2026-05-11 07:00:00 UTC.
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Assessing the Impact of AI-Augmented DevSecOps on Lead Time in Agile Release Management [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Despite increasing interest in generative artificial intelligence (AI) within DevSecOps environments, empirical evidence quantifying its impact on software delivery performance remains limited, particularly in regulated enterprise contexts. Lead time for changes is a core DevSecOps performance indicator, yet controlled evaluations of AI-augmented pipelines remain scarce. This study investigates whether on-premises generative AI integration can measurably reduce release lead time while preserving governance and quality controls. Methods A quasi-experimental within-team design was conducted across two consecutive two-week Scrum sprints in an enterprise environment developing internal sales, human resource, and biometric absence systems. Sprint 1 served as the baseline using a conventional DevSecOps pipeline. Sprint 2 introduced an AI-augmented pipeline integrating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) within a GitLab–Docker CI/CD infrastructure. The primary outcome was lead time for changes. Secondary metrics included deployment frequency and change failure rate. Statistical analysis employed Welch’s t-test, effect size estimation (Cohen’s d), and confidence interval analysis. Results A total of 42 distinct changes (21 per sprint) were analyzed. Mean lead time decreased by 39.2% during the intervention sprint (Welch’s t(32.4) = 4.28, p = 0.00014), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.32) and a 95% confidence interval indicating a reduction of 15.8–37.4 hours. Security scanning time decreased by 64.6%, and approval latency decreased by 48.5%. Deployment frequency increased by 61.9%, while change failure rate declined from 14.3% to 8.7%. AI recommendation acceptance improved from 62.4% in Week 1 to 78.6% in Week 2 and was positively correlated with lead-time reduction (r = 0.73, p < 0.05). Conclusions On-premises human-in-the-loop generative AI significantly reduced DevSecOps lead time without compromising reliability or governance. The findings challenge the traditional speed–security tradeoff by demonstrating that AI-assisted security validation and release evaluation can simultaneously enhance delivery efficiency and operational stability in regulated enterprise environments. This study examines the influence of on-premises generative AI augmentation on DevSecOps release lead time within agile software development settings. Despite increasing interest in generative artificial intelligence (AI) within Development-Security-Operations (DevSecOps) environments, empirical evidence quantifying its impact on software delivery performance remains limited, particularly in regulated enterprise contexts. Lead time for changes is a core DevSecOps performance indicator, yet controlled evaluations of AI-augmented pipelines remain scarce. This study investigates whether on-premises generative AI integration can measurably reduce release lead time while preserving governance and quality controls. A quasi-experimental within-team design was conducted across two consecutive two-week Scrum sprints in an enterprise environment developing internal sales, human resource, and biometric absence systems. Sprint 1 served as the baseline using a conventional DevSecOps pipeline. Sprint 2 introduced an AI-augmented pipeline integrating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) within a GitLab–Docker CI/CD infrastructure. The primary outcome was lead time for changes. Secondary metrics included deployment frequency and change failure rate. Statistical analysis employed Welch’s t-test, effect size estimation (Cohen’s d), and confidence interval analysis. A total of 42 distinct changes (21 per sprint) were analyzed. Mean lead time decreased by 39.2% during the intervention sprint (Welch’s t(32.4) = 4.28, p = 0.00014), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.32) and a 95% confidence interval indicating a reduction of 15.8–37.4 hours. Security scanning time decreased by 64.6%, and approval latency decreased by 48.5%. Deployment frequency increased by 61.9%, while change failure rate declined from 14.3% to 8.7%. AI recommendation acceptance improved from 62.4% in Week 1 to 78.6% in Week 2 and was positively correlated with lead-time reduction (r = 0.73, p < 0.05). On-premises human-in-the-loop generative AI significantly reduced DevSecOps lead time without compromising reliability or governance. The findings challenge the traditional speed–security tradeoff by demonstrating that AI-assisted DevSecOps validation and release evaluation can simultaneously enhance delivery efficiency and operational stability in regulated enterprise environments.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:58:27 UTC.
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Interaction of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Arg16Arg and Gln27Gln Genotypes as Risk Factors for Uncontrolled Asthma During Pregnancy [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Genetic variation in the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), particularly Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms, may influence asthma susceptibility and control. Evidence in pregnant populations remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association and interaction of β2-AR polymorphisms with asthma occurrence and control during pregnancy. Methods A case–control study was conducted in Makassar, Indonesia, from June to December 2025. A total of 80 pregnant women were enrolled, including 40 with asthma and 40 non-asthmatic controls. Asthma control was classified according to GINA criteria. Genotyping for Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms was performed using blood samples. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results The Arg16Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of asthma during pregnancy (OR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.09–8.00; p = 0.05), while Gln27Gln was not significantly associated. Both Arg16Arg (OR = 5.05; 95% CI: 1.2–20.2; p = 0.01) and Gln27Gln (OR = 8.07; 95% CI: 0.64–22.6; p = 0.04) were associated with uncontrolled asthma. The combined genotype (Arg16Arg + Gln27Gln) increased the risk of asthma occurrence by 4.38 times and the risk of uncontrolled asthma by 16.25 times. No significant associations were found between asthma status and maternal or fetal complications. Conclusions The interaction between Arg16Arg and Gln27Gln genotypes significantly increases the risk of asthma occurrence and poor asthma control during pregnancy. However, asthma and uncontrolled asthma were not associated with pregnancy or fetal abnormalities in this study.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:50:23 UTC.
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Design and Modeling of a Solar-Powered Water System for Real-Time Microbial Detection and Treatment [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Access to safe drinking water remains a persistent challenge in low-resource settings such as Ishaka Municipality, Uganda, where surface and groundwater sources are frequently contaminated and access to reliable electricity is limited. This study presents the design, modeling, and performance evaluation of a solar-powered hybrid water treatment system integrated with a biosensor-based microbial detection unit, enabling autonomous operation and real-time water quality monitoring for decentralized applications. Methods A total of 384 water samples were collected from springs, wetlands, wells, and tap sources and analyzed for key physicochemical and microbial parameters, including turbidity, pH, and indicator organisms. The proposed system integrates sedimentation, activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, and solar thermal disinfection to achieve multi-barrier treatment. Hydraulic and filtration performance were modeled using fluid flow and porous media principles, while microbial inactivation was described using first-order kinetic models. The photovoltaic subsystem was evaluated through detailed loss modeling, incorporating temperature effects, partial shading, and inverter inefficiencies to assess overall system reliability. Results Baseline results indicated significant contamination, with Escherichia coli concentrations reaching 210 CFU/100 mL and turbidity values up to 146 NTU. The hybrid system achieved over 95% removal of contaminants, complete elimination of E. coli, and compliance with World Health Organization drinking water standards. Solar thermal disinfection provided a 4–6 log reduction in microbial indicators. The integrated biosensor demonstrated rapid response times (45–90 seconds) and strong correlation with laboratory biochemical oxygen demand measurements (R2 = 0.89–0.94). The photovoltaic subsystem maintained a performance ratio of 0.84–0.88, consistently meeting 100% of operational energy demand under varying environmental conditions. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the proposed system provides an effective, energy-autonomous solution for decentralized water purification with real-time monitoring capability, offering significant potential for improving access to safe drinking water in rural and resource-limited environments.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:37:47 UTC.
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The Pregnant Body as a Battlefield: A Corporeal Exploration of Power and Agency in Swallow [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Swallow (2019) offers a deeply unsettling yet compelling exploration of the female body as a contested space where power, control, and agency intersect. Through its focus on pregnancy, the film exposes how a woman’s body becomes subject to both internal struggles and external regulation. It situates the pregnant body within a broader network of societal expectations, revealing how autonomy is often compromised by cultural norms, medical authority, and patriarchal structures. Methods This paper undertakes a close textual and thematic analysis of the film, paying particular attention to its visual language, narrative structure, and psychological framing of the protagonist. It draws on interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives related to bodily autonomy, medicalisation, and power dynamics to interpret the protagonist’s experiences. By examining key scenes and character interactions, the study investigates how authority is exercised over the female body and how resistance is articulated through embodied actions. Results The analysis reveals that the film sharply critiques the medicalisation of pregnancy, portraying it as a process through which the female body is monitored, regulated, and controlled by external forces such as doctors, family members, and societal expectations. The protagonist’s psychological distress underscores the invasive nature of this control, illustrating how her autonomy is gradually eroded. At the same time, her bodily actions emerge as forms of resistance, transforming her physicality into a site where oppression and defiance coexist. This duality highlights the complexity of agency, showing that even within constraint, acts of self-assertion remain possible. Conclusions Swallow challenges conventional narratives of motherhood and femininity by presenting the pregnant body not as passive or purely nurturing, but as a deeply contested and politicised space. The film redefines this body as one capable of both vulnerability and resistance, thereby offering a nuanced commentary on female agency. This study concludes that Swallow not only critiques entrenched societal norms but also reframes the pregnant body as a powerful, if conflicted, site of autonomy and defiance.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:30:52 UTC.
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Teacher Self-Efficacy and Technology-Integrated Pedagogy: Mediating Roles of Motivation and ICT [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Strong digital pedagogy depends not only on access to technology, but also on whether teachers feel ready to use it and actually bring it into classroom practice. This study investigated how teacher self-efficacy, pedagogical motivation, ICT utilization, and technology-integrated teaching are related. Methods This quantitative explanatory survey involved 408 senior high school teachers in Riau Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) at a significance level of 0.05. Results Teacher self-efficacy positively and significantly predicted both ICT utilization and technology-integrated teaching. Teacher motivation positively predicted ICT utilization, but it did not show a significant direct effect on technology-integrated teaching. ICT utilization was the strongest indirect pathway linking self-efficacy to technology-integrated teaching, and the sequential pathway through motivation and ICT utilization was also significant. Overall, the model showed substantial explanatory power (R2 = 0.769) and acceptable fit (SRMR <0.08). Conclusions Teacher self-efficacy emerged as the main psychological driver of digital pedagogy, while ICT utilization served as the key behavioral mechanism through which that readiness was translated into classroom practice. These findings suggest that professional development should strengthen teacher confidence while also creating sustained opportunities to use ICT meaningfully in teaching.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:11:21 UTC.
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Bacterial Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Damascus: A Two-Year Cross-Sectional Retrospective Analysis [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Background Armed conflict systematically dismantles the pillars of infection control, creating conditions that foster antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Syria’s fragmented healthcare landscape, the scarcity of contemporary microbiological data undermines the treatment of common infections like respiratory tract infections (RTIs). This study aimed to define the bacterial etiology and resistance patterns of RTIs at a major Damascus teaching hospital to guide empiric therapy and inform stewardship. Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis of all non-mycobacterial isolates (n = 309) cultured from routine respiratory specimens (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage) between January 2022 and December 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion) followed CLSI guidelines. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least three distinct antimicrobial classes. Associations between resistance phenotypes were evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation. Results Among 349 patients, Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 57.6% of isolates, predominantly Enterobacter spp. (33.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.1%). An alarming 87.4% of isolates met MDR criteria, with a mean of 5.3 affected drug classes. Carbapenem resistance was near-ubiquitous in K. pneumoniae (73.8%) and Enterobacter spp. (60.7%). A significant correlation between ceftriaxone and meropenem resistance (ρ = 0.72) suggested widespread co-production of ESBLs and carbapenemases. Colistin remained the sole reliable agent against Gram-negatives (69.2–86.5% susceptible), with resistance evolving independently of other classes (ρ ≤ 0.13). Equally concerning, we documented vancomycin resistance in both S. pneumoniae (100%) and S. aureus (14.3%)—findings that, if confirmed, signal an unprecedented therapeutic crisis. Conclusions This study documents an acute, post-antibiotic state for RTIs in a conflict-zone hospital, where empiric options have narrowed to colistin-based regimens for most Enterobacteriaceae. The data provide an essential local baseline, but more importantly, they sound like an alarm. Immediate, aggressive interventions, including enhanced infection control, molecular surveillance, and stringent stewardship, are no longer optional but existentially necessary to preserve the last remaining agents on the formulary.in F1000Research on 2026-05-11 06:03:18 UTC.
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Brain Frailty Rather than Age Alone Mediates the Lack of Benefit for Endovascular Thrombectomy in the Elderly Population of the RESILIENT Trial
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline computed tomography (CT) markers of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), as a surrogate of brain frailty, explain the association between age and functional outcome, potentially accounting for the reduced apparent benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in elderly patients in the RESILIENT trial.
Methods
RESILIENT was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment conducted in Brazil. Patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke were randomized to MT plus guideline-based care or guideline-based care alone, including intravenous alteplase when eligible. A vascular neurologist blinded to clinical data evaluated baseline CT scans for cSVD markers (leukoaraiosis, lacunes, and atrophy) to derive a composite cSVD score. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] = 0–2 at 90 days). Treatment effects were assessed across subgroups defined by age (<70 or ≥70 years) and cSVD score (0–1 vs 2–3). Mediation analysis quantified the indirect effect of age on outcome through cSVD.
Results
Patients with good outcomes were younger, had lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, better collaterals, lower glucose levels, lower cSVD burden, and were more frequently treated with MT. Independent predictors of good outcome included lower NIHSS, MT, lower cSVD score, and lower glucose levels. MT benefit was restricted to patients <70 years with low cSVD burden (odds ratio [OR] = 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6–10.4, p < 0.01). No benefit was observed in older patients or in those with cSVD > 1. Mediation analysis showed that cSVD significantly mediated the association between age and outcome (average causal mediation effect [ACME] = –0.003, 95% CI = –0.005 to 0.00, p = 0.010).
Interpretation
Baseline CT markers of cSVD were independently associated with poorer outcomes and mediated the association between age and functional outcome in the RESILIENT trial, potentially explaining the lack of MT efficacy in older patients. ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-11 05:38:31 UTC.
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Auditory Stimulation of Slow‐Wave Sleep Promotes Recovery after Brain Injury in an Animal Model
Objective
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) significantly reduces the quality of life for millions of survivors worldwide, causing persistent brain tissue damage and cognitive impairments, with no established therapeutic interventions currently available. Slow-wave activity, a hallmark of deep sleep, has been implicated in recovery after TBI, but pharmacological approaches to enhance it lack specificity and scalability, complicating efforts to identify slow-wave activity as a direct mechanistic contributor and severely limiting clinical translation.
Methods
To overcome these limitations, we developed a preclinical closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) paradigm that targets sleep's slow waves, enabling highly specific and temporally precise enhancement of slow-wave activity. Therefore, we delivered 30-ms sound triggers targeting the up-phase of real-time detected slow-waves (upCLAS: TBI n = 8), or no sound stimulation (mockCLAS: non-TBI n = 8, TBI n = 7) during sleep to healthy controls (non-TBI) or brain injured (TBI) rats. Concomitantly, we assessed the ability of upCLAS-enhanced sleep to counteract brain tissue damage (primary outcome) and symptomatic sequelae (secondary outcome) of TBI.
Results
Bayesian analysis revealed that sound-mediated slow-wave activity enhancement: (1) reduces diffuse axonal injury, with TBI mockCLAS posterior estimates falling outside the 95% confidence intervals of both other groups, whereas the posterior distributions of TBI upCLAS and non-TBI groups largely overlapped (~13% posterior differences >0), consistent with a negligible effect size between groups; (2) decreases demyelination, with approximately 97% posterior differences >0 between TBI mockCLAS and TBI upCLAS groups, compared to approximately 60% between non-TBI and TBI upCLAS groups; and (3) preserves cognitive ability, with recognition indexes in the novel object recognition test significantly above chance level in non-TBI (*p = 0.031) and TBI upCLAS (*p = 0.026) groups, in contrast to mockCLAS-treated TBI rats (p = 0.156), presenting pronounced cognitive deficit. Furthermore, microglial response to brain injury was increased by deep sleep enhancement, with reduced ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1+ area coverage in TBI upCLAS rats (*p = 0.0445) compared to non-TBI ones.
Interpretation
These results unambiguously demonstrate slow-wave activity enhancement confers robust disease modification following TBI while overcoming major limitations of other preclinical approaches. Our findings constitute proof-of-concept that boosted sleep intensity mitigates histopathological and cognitive sequelae of brain trauma, suggesting that a clinically relevant, nonobtrusive, sleep-based therapy may represent a novel therapeutic intervention for TBI survivors. ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-11 05:35:25 UTC.
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Recruitment Strategies across the Spectrum of Neuronal Synuclein Disease
The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) has remained at the vanguard of Parkinson's disease (PD) research through evolving recruitment strategies that mirror advances in PD biology. PPMI was initially focused on untreated, early-stage PD. Over time, it has expanded to include genetic cohorts, prodromal participants identified via olfactory testing and risk factor questionnaires targeting people with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Most recently, PPMI has focused on the biology underlying PD and sought to recruit individuals defined by neuronal alpha-synuclein disease (NSD) biomarkers. This evolution from clinical to biological enrollment demonstrates the feasibility of biomarker-driven cohort design and establishes a scalable model for early detection and prevention research in neurodegenerative disease. ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-11 05:30:50 UTC.
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Expanding PPMI through Remote Data Acquisition and Analysis: Early Success and Future Growth with myPPMI
The creation and ongoing development of the myPPMI platform (see Stanley et al in this issue), has enabled the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) to expand our research efforts to acquire additional data, engage a large number of participants, and reduce participant burden to enable long-term follow-up. We now review specific virtual and remote studies and sub-studies including Found, PPMI Online, and PPMI Cognitive that PPMI has developed to enhance participant engagement and enable remote data collection. FOUND in PPMI was initiated before myPPMI and continues to serve as a model for remote participant engagement. FOUND maintains longitudinal contact, reducing study attrition, and preserving data continuity. PPMI Online, now part of myPPMI, enables low-burden, participant-reported data collection, reduces geographic barriers, and enables sub-studies of less common subgroups. Cognitive testing is another study within myPPMI to assess longitudinal cognition. myPPMI, a global web-based portal, introduces precision recruitment, real-time eligibility matching, and inclusive design. Together, these innovations enable remote and hybrid recruitment and study conduct, reduce logistical and economic barriers, and advance scalable, participant-centered research to transform the landscape of Parkinson's disease studies across populations. ANN NEUROL 2026
in Annals of Neurology on 2026-05-11 05:26:26 UTC.
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A motor thalamic site in humans that suppresses involuntary breathing without awareness
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1324-1335, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-11 05:01:05 UTC.
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A primary central source determines perturbation-evoked N1 amplitudes in younger adults
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1315-1323, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-11 05:01:04 UTC.
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Neurophysiology of visual tracking in primates: from kinematic analysis to the poly-equilibrium theory
Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 135, Issue 5, Page 1336-1359, May 2026.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-11 05:00:46 UTC.
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The Contribution of the Koniocellular Visual Pathway to Aversive Learning in Human Visual Cortex
Journal of Neurophysiology, Ahead of Print.
in Journal of Neurophysiology on 2026-05-11 03:32:27 UTC.
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Canonical decision computations underlie behavioral and neural signatures of cooperation in primates
Shi et al. demonstrate that marmosets coordinate cooperative actions through a gaze-dependent decision process. By combining wireless recordings with computational modeling, they show that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex implements social evidence accumulation during active looking, providing a mechanistic link between visual social monitoring and strategic cooperative decisions.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Intrinsic endothelial remodeling drives brain capillary repair
Condrau et al. show that mouse brain capillaries rapidly repair after the loss of a single endothelial cell. Neighboring endothelial cells extend to reconnect the vessel and restore blood flow. Repair persists after depletion of glia and pericytes and differs between cortex and hippocampus, revealing regional variation in vascular resilience.in Neuron: In press on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Initial vaccination platform against S. pneumoniae shapes antibody profiles upon revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in older adults
Aged adults are at heightened risk of complications by S. pneumoniae. In this article, Wang et al. demonstrate that antibody networks against S. pneumoniae serotypes are heavily influenced by the initial vaccination platform, with plain polysaccharide vaccine recipients being resistant to boosting.in Cell Reports: Current Issue on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Publisher Correction: Presymptomatic training mitigates functional deficits in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10578-5
Publisher Correction: Presymptomatic training mitigates functional deficits in a mouse model of Rett syndromein Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Audio long read: The air is full of DNA — here’s what scientists are using it for
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01522-8
Floating genetic material could give insights into ecosystem health, the presence of invasive species, and help researchers identify pathogens before they cause harm.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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The sleep paradox: why do humans sleep so little when we need it so much?
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01478-9
A new book brings together ethnography, neurobiology and primatology to argue that how much our species sleeps is an evolutionary trade-off, with lessons for how each of us can sleep better.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Elsevier vs Meta: first science publisher sues over scraped research papers
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01481-0
Science publishing giant Elsevier has joined a class-action lawsuit against Meta that alleges the reproduction of copyrighted works in developing the Llama AI model.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Best. Day. Ever. What does a good day in science look like?
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01479-8
Struggling to remember why you picked a career in science? Here are some heart-warming tales to jog your memory.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Hantavirus outbreak exposes uncertainty about how disease spreads
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01512-w
Passengers who were on the cruise ship MV Hondius will quarantine in their home countries.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Giant map reveals thousands of cities worldwide with successful green policies
Nature, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01491-y
Greenhouse-gas emissions from burning fossil fuels have been mapped across thousands of cities worldwide.in Nature on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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Real-time brain-controlled selective hearing enhances speech perception in multi-talker environments
Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02281-5
This study shows that brain signals can identify and amplify the voice a person wants to hear in a crowded scene. Choudhari et al. provide evidence that brain-controlled hearing can improve speech perception and clarity in noisy environments.in Nature Neuroscience on 2026-05-11 00:00:00 UTC.
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